ὅς

See also: -ος, -ός, and ὅσ'

Ancient Greek

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /hós/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /(h)os/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /os/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /os/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /os/

Etymology 1

PIE word
*Hyós

From Proto-Hellenic *yós, from Proto-Indo-European *Hyós, *Hyéh₂, *Hyód (“who, which”), from the relative stem *Hyo-, possibly from the anaphoric stem *(h₁)i-, *(h₁)e-.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] Cognates include Sanskrit यद् (yás, yā, yad), Avestan 𐬫𐬋 (yō), and Phrygian ιος (ios /⁠jos⁠/). See also οἷος (hoîos), ὅσος (hósos). Compare ἑός (heós).

Pronoun

ὅς • (hós) (feminine ἥ, neuter ὅ); first/second declension

(Epic, demonstrative) this
(relative) who, which, that

Declension

First and second declension of ὅς; ἥ; ὅ (Attic)

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ὅς hós	ἥ hḗ	ὅ hó	ὥ hṓ	ᾱ̔́ hā́	ὥ hṓ	οἵ hoí	αἵ haí	ᾰ̔́ hắ
Genitive	οὗ hoû	ἧς hês	οὗ hoû	οἷν hoîn	αἷν haîn	οἷν hoîn	ὧν hôn	ὧν hôn	ὧν hôn
Dative	ᾧ hōî	ᾗ hēî	ᾧ hōî	οἷν hoîn	αἷν haîn	οἷν hoîn	οἷς hoîs	αἷς haîs	οἷς hoîs
Accusative	ὅν hón	ἥν hḗn	ὅ hó	ὥ hṓ	ᾱ̔́ hā́	ὥ hṓ	οὕς hoús	ᾱ̔́ς hā́s	ᾰ̔́ hắ
Vocative	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Derived forms	Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
Derived forms	οὗ / ᾗ / οἷ / ὡς / ὥς hoû / hēî / hoî / hōs / hṓs			—			—
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

First and second declension of ὅς; ἥ; ὅ (Epic)

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ὅς hós	ἥ hḗ	ὅ hó	ὥ hṓ	ᾱ̔́ hā́	ὥ hṓ	οἵ hoí	αἵ haí	ᾰ̔́ hắ
Genitive	οὗ / ὅου / ὅο hoû / hóou / hóo	ἧς / ἕης hês / héēs	οὗ / ὅου / ὅο hoû / hóou / hóo	οἷν / οἷῐν hoî(ĭ)n	αἷν / αἷῐν / ᾗῐν haî(ĭ)n / hēîĭn	οἷν / οἷῐν hoî(ĭ)n	ὧν hôn	ᾱ̔́ων / ἕ͜ων / ὧν hā́ōn / hé͜ōn / hôn	ὧν hôn
Dative	ᾧ hōî	ᾗ hēî	ᾧ hōî	οἷν / οἷῐν hoî(ĭ)n	αἷν / αἷῐν / ᾗῐν haî(ĭ)n / hēîĭn	οἷν / οἷῐν hoî(ĭ)n	οἷς / οἷσῐ / οἷσῐν hoîs / hoîsĭ(n)	ᾗς / ᾗσῐ / ᾗσῐν / αἷς hēîs / hēîsĭ(n) / haîs	οἷς / οἷσῐ / οἷσῐν hoîs / hoîsĭ(n)
Accusative	ὅν hón	ἥν hḗn	ὅ hó	ὥ hṓ	ᾱ̔́ hā́	ὥ hṓ	οὕς hoús	ᾱ̔́ς hā́s	ᾰ̔́ hắ
Vocative	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Derived forms	Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
Derived forms	οὗ / ᾗ / οἷ / ὡς / ὥς hoû / hēî / hoî / hōs / hṓs			—			—
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Derived terms

οἷος (hoîos)
ὅτε (hóte)
ὡς (hōs)

type	interrogative	indefinite	demonstrative			relative	indefinite relative	identity	other
type	interrogative	indefinite	(medial)	proximal	distal	relative	indefinite relative	identity	other
basic	τίς	τις, ἔνιοι	†ὁ, οὗτος	ὅδε	ἐκεῖνος	ὅς	ὅστις	ὁ αὐτός (αὑτός), ὁμός	ἕτερος, ἄλλος
dual	πότερος	πότερος, ποτερός				ὁπότερος
quality	ποῖος	ποιός	†τοῖος, τοιοῦτος	τοιόσδε		οἷος	ὁποῖος	ὅμοιος	ἑτεροῖος, ἀλλοῖος
quantity	πόσος	ποσός	†τόσος, τοσοῦτος	τοσόσδε		ὅσος	ὁπόσος
manner	πῶς	πως	†τώς, †ὥς, οὕτως	ὧδε		ὡς	ὅπως	ὁμῶς	ἑτέρως, ἄλλως
method, path, place	πῇ	πῃ	τῇ, ταύτῃ	τῇδε	ἐκείνῃ	ᾗ	ὅπῃ		ἄλλῃ
place	ποῦ, †πόθι	που, †ποθι	ἐνταῦθα	ἐνθάδε	ἐκεῖ, ἔνθα, †ἐκεῖθι	οὗ, ἔνθα, †ὅθι	ὅπου, †ὁπόθι	αὐτόθι, ὁμοῦ	ἄλλοθι
source	πόθεν	ποθεν, ἁμόθεν	†τόθεν, ἔνθεν, ἐντεῦθεν	ἐνθένδε	ἐκεῖθεν	ὅθεν	ὁπόθεν	†ὁμόθεν	ἄλλοθεν
destination	ποῖ, †πόσε	ποι	ἔνθα, ἐνταῦθα	ἐνθάδε, δεῦρο	ἐκεῖσε	οἷ	ὅποι, †ὁπόσε	αὐτόσε, ὁμόσε	ἄλλοσε
time	πότε, πῆμος	ποτέ, ποτε, τοτέ, ἐνίοτε	τότε, τῆμος	τημόσδε		ὅτε, ἦμος	ὁπότε, †ὁππῆμος	ἅμα	ἄλλοτε
exact time	πηνίκα		†τηνίκα, τηνικαῦτα	τηνικάδε		ἡνίκα	ὁπηνίκα	αὐτίκα
duration of time			τέως			ἕως
size, age	πηλίκος	πηλίκος	†τηλίκος, τηλικοῦτος	τηλικόσδε		ἡλίκος	ὁπηλίκος	ὁμῆλιξ
repetition	ποσάκις, ποσίνδα	ποσάκις	τουτάκις, τοσάκις			†ὁσάκις ὁποσάκις	ὁποσάκις
multiplication	ποσαπλάσιος					ὁσαπλάσιος, ὁσαπλασίων
order	πόστος	ποστός					ὁπόστος
† Forms rarely or never used in Classical Attic prose Relative also used in exclamations; either relative or indefinite relative used in indirect questions.

Ancient Greek personal pronouns
	first	second	third
singular	ἐγώ (egṓ)	σῠ́ (sŭ́)	αὐτός (autós), οὗ (hoû), ὅς (hós), ὁ (ho), οὗτος (hoûtos), ὅδε (hóde), ἐκεῖνος (ekeînos)
dual	νώ (nṓ)	σφώ (sphṓ)	αὐτώ (autṓ), σφωέ (sphōé), ὥ (hṓ), τώ (tṓ), τούτω (toútō), τώδε (tṓde), ἐκείνω (ekeínō)
plural	ἡμεῖς (hēmeîs)	ῡ̔μεῖς (hūmeîs)	αὐτοί (autoí), σφεῖς (spheîs), οἵ (hoí), οἱ (hoi), οὗτοι (hoûtoi), οἵδε (hoíde), ἐκεῖνοι (ekeînoi)

References

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ὅς 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1117
^ “ὅς, ἥ, ὅ”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
^ Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920), “Part II: Inflection”, in A Greek grammar for colleges, Cambridge: American Book Company, § 338: relative pronoun
^ William Bedell Stanford (1959) [1947]. "Introduction, Grammatical Introduction". Homer: Odyssey I-XII 1 (2nd ed.). Macmillan Education Ltd. p. lxiii, § 12.1 12.2.

Etymology 2

PIE word
*swé

Like ἕ (hé, “him”), from Proto-Indo-European *swé (reflexive pronoun). Cognate with Sanskrit स्व (svá). See also ἑός (heós).

Determiner

ὅς • (hós) (feminine ἥ, neuter ὅν); first/second declension (third person singular possessive determiner)

(with noun) his, her, its
(as substantive, sometimes with article) his, hers
1. (in the plural) his or her people, friends, family; his possessions

Declension

First and second declension of ὅς; ἥ; ὅν (Attic)

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ὅς hós	ἥ hḗ	ὅν hón	ὥ hṓ	ᾱ̔́ hā́	ὥ hṓ	οἵ hoí	αἵ haí	ᾰ̔́ hắ
Genitive	οὗ hoû	ἧς hês	οὗ hoû	οἷν hoîn	αἷν haîn	οἷν hoîn	ὧν hôn	ὧν hôn	ὧν hôn
Dative	ᾧ hōî	ᾗ hēî	ᾧ hōî	οἷν hoîn	αἷν haîn	οἷν hoîn	οἷς hoîs	αἷς haîs	οἷς hoîs
Accusative	ὅν hón	ἥν hḗn	ὅν hón	ὥ hṓ	ᾱ̔́ hā́	ὥ hṓ	οὕς hoús	ᾱ̔́ς hā́s	ᾰ̔́ hắ
Vocative	ἕ hé	ἥ hḗ	ὅν hón	ὥ hṓ	ᾱ̔́ hā́	ὥ hṓ	οἵ hoí	αἵ haí	ᾰ̔́ hắ
Derived forms	Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
Derived forms	ὡς / ὧς hōs / hôs			—			—
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

First and second declension of ὅς; ἥ; ὅν (Epic)

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ὅς hós	ἥ hḗ	ὅν hón	ὥ hṓ	ᾱ̔́ hā́	ὥ hṓ	οἵ hoí	αἵ haí	ᾰ̔́ hắ
Genitive	οὗ / οἷο / ὅο hoû / hoîo / hóo	ἧς hês	οὗ / οἷο / ὅο hoû / hoîo / hóo	οἷν / οἷῐν hoî(ĭ)n	αἷν / αἷῐν / ᾗῐν haî(ĭ)n / hēîĭn	οἷν / οἷῐν hoî(ĭ)n	ὧν hôn	ᾱ̔́ων / ἕ͜ων / ὧν hā́ōn / hé͜ōn / hôn	ὧν hôn
Dative	ᾧ hōî	ᾗ hēî	ᾧ hōî	οἷν / οἷῐν hoî(ĭ)n	αἷν / αἷῐν / ᾗῐν haî(ĭ)n / hēîĭn	οἷν / οἷῐν hoî(ĭ)n	οἷς / οἷσῐ / οἷσῐν hoîs / hoîsĭ(n)	ᾗς / ᾗσῐ / ᾗσῐν / αἷς hēîs / hēîsĭ(n) / haîs	οἷς / οἷσῐ / οἷσῐν hoîs / hoîsĭ(n)
Accusative	ὅν hón	ἥν hḗn	ὅν hón	ὥ hṓ	ᾱ̔́ hā́	ὥ hṓ	οὕς hoús	ᾱ̔́ς hā́s	ᾰ̔́ hắ
Vocative	ἕ hé	ἥ hḗ	ὅν hón	ὥ hṓ	ᾱ̔́ hā́	ὥ hṓ	οἵ hoí	αἵ haí	ᾰ̔́ hắ
Derived forms	Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
Derived forms	ὡς / ὧς hōs / hôs			—			—
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Alternative forms

ἑός (heós) — Epic
ἱός (hiós) — Boeotian
ϝός (wós) — Laconian, Doric

Ancient Greek

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Pronoun

Declension

Derived terms

See also

References

Etymology 2

Determiner

Declension

Alternative forms

Further reading