ὁ

See also: ὅ, ο, Ο, -ο, -Ο, -ό, ὀ, and Appendix:Variations of "o"

ὁ	U+1F41, ὁ GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA

Composition:

ο [U+03BF] + ◌̔ [U+0314]

← ὀ
[U+1F40]

Greek Extended

ὂ →
[U+1F42]

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

ὅ (hó) — oxytone
ὀ (o), (oxytone) ὄ (ó) — Cretan, Lesbian

Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *hó *hā́ *tó, from Proto-Indo-European *só *séh₂ *tód. There are many cognates, including Sanskrit स (sá), सा (sā́) तद् (tád), Old Church Slavonic тъ (tŭ), та (ta), то (to), and Old English sē, sēo, þæt (English the, that).

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /ho/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /(h)o/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /o/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /o/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /o/

Article

ὁ • (ho) m, ἡ f (hē), τό n (tó)

(rarely in Epic, often in later Greek) the

Usage notes

The article optionally undergoes crasis with nouns and adjectives that start with a vowel:
- τὸ ὄνομα → τοὔνομα "the name"
- τὰ ἐμά → τᾱ̓μά "my (affairs)"
- τὸ ἐναντίον → τοὐναντίον "on the contrary"
- τὸ αὐτό → ταὐτό "the same"

Pronoun

ὁ • (ho) m, ἡ f (hē), τό n (tó)

(Epic, demonstrative) that
(Epic, third person personal pronoun) he, she, it, they
(relative, Epic, Ionic, poetic Attic) who, which, that

Declension

First and second declension of ὁ, ἡ, τό (Attic, Koine)

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ὁ / ὅ ho / hó	ἡ / ἥ hē / hḗ	τό tó	τώ tṓ	τώ tṓ	τώ tṓ	οἱ / οἵ hoi / hoí	αἱ / αἵ hai / haí	τᾰ́ tắ
Genitive	τοῦ toû	τῆς tês	τοῦ toû	τοῖν toîn	τοῖν toîn	τοῖν toîn	τῶν tôn	τῶν tôn	τῶν tôn
Dative	τῷ tōî	τῇ tēî	τῷ tōî	τοῖν toîn	τοῖν toîn	τοῖν toîn	τοῖς toîs	ταῖς taîs	τοῖς toîs
Accusative	τόν tón	τήν tḗn	τό tó	τώ tṓ	τώ tṓ	τώ tṓ	τούς toús	τᾱ́ς tā́s	τᾰ́ tắ
Vocative	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

First and second declension of ὁ, ἡ, τό (Epic)

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ὁ / ὅ ho / hó	ἡ / ἥ hē / hḗ	τό tó	τώ tṓ	τώ / τᾱ́ tṓ / tā́	τώ tṓ	οἱ / οἵ / τοί hoi / hoí / toí	αἱ / αἵ / ταί hai / haí / taí	τᾰ́ tắ
Genitive	τοῦ / τοῖο / τόο toû / toîo / tóo	τῆς tês	τοῦ / τοῖο / τόο toû / toîo / tóo	τοῖν / τοῖῐν toî(ĭ)n	τοῖν / τοῖῐν toî(ĭ)n	τοῖν / τοῖῐν toî(ĭ)n	τῶν tôn	τᾱ́ων / τέ͜ων / τῶν tā́ōn / té͜ōn / tôn	τῶν tôn
Dative	τῷ tōî	τῇ tēî	τῷ tōî	τοῖν / τοῖῐν toî(ĭ)n	τοῖν / τοῖῐν toî(ĭ)n	τοῖν / τοῖῐν toî(ĭ)n	τοῖς / τοῖσῐ / τοῖσῐν toîs / toîsĭ(n)	τῇς / τῇσῐ / τῇσῐν tēîs / tēîsĭ(n)	τοῖς / τοῖσῐ / τοῖσῐν toîs / toîsĭ(n)
Accusative	τόν tón	τήν tḗn	τό tó	τώ tṓ	τώ / τᾱ́ tṓ / tā́	τώ tṓ	τούς toús	τᾱ́ς tā́s	τᾰ́ tắ
Vocative	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

First and second declension of ὁ, ἁ, τό (Laconian, Doric)

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ὁ / ὅ ho / hó	ᾱ̔ / ᾱ̔́ hā / hā́	τό tó	τώ tṓ	τᾱ́ tā́	τώ tṓ	τοί toí	ταί taí	τᾰ́ tắ
Genitive	τῶ tô	τᾶς tâs	τῶ tô	τοῖν toîn	ταῖν taîn	τοῖν toîn	τῶν tôn	τᾶν tân	τῶν tôn
Dative	τῷ tōî	τᾷ tāî	τῷ tōî	τοῖν toîn	ταῖν taîn	τοῖν toîn	τοῖς toîs	ταῖς taîs	τοῖς toîs
Accusative	τόν tón	τᾱ́ν tā́n	τό tó	τώ tṓ	τᾱ́ tā́	τώ tṓ	τώς tṓs	τᾱ́ς tā́s	τᾰ́ tắ
Vocative	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Descendants

Greek: ο (o)
Mariupol Greek: ту (tu) (from the neuter form)
Tsakonian: ο (o)
Italiot Greek: o

type	interrogative	indefinite	demonstrative			relative	indefinite relative	identity	other
type	interrogative	indefinite	(medial)	proximal	distal	relative	indefinite relative	identity	other
basic	τίς	τις, ἔνιοι	†ὁ, οὗτος	ὅδε	ἐκεῖνος	ὅς	ὅστις	ὁ αὐτός (αὑτός), ὁμός	ἕτερος, ἄλλος
dual	πότερος	πότερος, ποτερός				ὁπότερος
quality	ποῖος	ποιός	†τοῖος, τοιοῦτος	τοιόσδε		οἷος	ὁποῖος	ὅμοιος	ἑτεροῖος, ἀλλοῖος
quantity	πόσος	ποσός	†τόσος, τοσοῦτος	τοσόσδε		ὅσος	ὁπόσος
manner	πῶς	πως	†τώς, †ὥς, οὕτως	ὧδε		ὡς	ὅπως	ὁμῶς	ἑτέρως, ἄλλως
method, path, place	πῇ	πῃ	τῇ, ταύτῃ	τῇδε	ἐκείνῃ	ᾗ	ὅπῃ		ἄλλῃ
place	ποῦ, †πόθι	που, †ποθι	ἐνταῦθα	ἐνθάδε	ἐκεῖ, ἔνθα, †ἐκεῖθι	οὗ, ἔνθα, †ὅθι	ὅπου, †ὁπόθι	αὐτόθι, ὁμοῦ	ἄλλοθι
source	πόθεν	ποθεν, ἁμόθεν	†τόθεν, ἔνθεν, ἐντεῦθεν	ἐνθένδε	ἐκεῖθεν	ὅθεν	ὁπόθεν	†ὁμόθεν	ἄλλοθεν
destination	ποῖ, †πόσε	ποι	ἔνθα, ἐνταῦθα	ἐνθάδε, δεῦρο	ἐκεῖσε	οἷ	ὅποι, †ὁπόσε	αὐτόσε, ὁμόσε	ἄλλοσε
time	πότε, πῆμος	ποτέ, ποτε, τοτέ, ἐνίοτε	τότε, τῆμος	τημόσδε		ὅτε, ἦμος	ὁπότε, †ὁππῆμος	ἅμα	ἄλλοτε
exact time	πηνίκα		†τηνίκα, τηνικαῦτα	τηνικάδε		ἡνίκα	ὁπηνίκα	αὐτίκα
duration of time			τέως			ἕως
size, age	πηλίκος	πηλίκος	†τηλίκος, τηλικοῦτος	τηλικόσδε		ἡλίκος	ὁπηλίκος	ὁμῆλιξ
repetition	ποσάκις, ποσίνδα	ποσάκις	τουτάκις, τοσάκις			†ὁσάκις ὁποσάκις	ὁποσάκις
multiplication	ποσαπλάσιος					ὁσαπλάσιος, ὁσαπλασίων
order	πόστος	ποστός					ὁπόστος
† Forms rarely or never used in Classical Attic prose Relative also used in exclamations; either relative or indefinite relative used in indirect questions.

Ancient Greek personal pronouns
	first	second	third
singular	ἐγώ (egṓ)	σῠ́ (sŭ́)	αὐτός (autós), οὗ (hoû), ὅς (hós), ὁ (ho), οὗτος (hoûtos), ὅδε (hóde), ἐκεῖνος (ekeînos)
dual	νώ (nṓ)	σφώ (sphṓ)	αὐτώ (autṓ), σφωέ (sphōé), ὥ (hṓ), τώ (tṓ), τούτω (toútō), τώδε (tṓde), ἐκείνω (ekeínō)
plural	ἡμεῖς (hēmeîs)	ῡ̔μεῖς (hūmeîs)	αὐτοί (autoí), σφεῖς (spheîs), οἵ (hoí), οἱ (hoi), οὗτοι (hoûtoi), οἵδε (hoíde), ἐκεῖνοι (ekeînoi)

References

“ὁ”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“ὁ”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891), A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
ὁ in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924), A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
G3588 in Strong, James (1979), Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920), “Part II: Inflection”, in A Greek grammar for colleges, Cambridge: American Book Company, § 332
William W. Goodwin, A Greek Grammar. Revised and enlarged, Boston, 1900, p.81f.
Bauer, Walter et al. (2001), A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press