Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/Hyós

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

  • Possibly a thematisation of *(H)ís,[1][2] which would point to an initial laryngeal (likely *h₁) in that term. Alternatively, Dunkel proposes a thematisation of *h₂i.[3]

    Pronoun

    *Hyós[4][5]

    1. that, who, which (relative)

    Alternative reconstructions

    • *h₁yós[1]
    • *h₂yós[3]
    • *yós[2] (considered outdated because this would result in Ancient Greek ζ- (z-))

    Inflection

    Thematic pronominal
    masculine feminine
    nominative *Hyós *Hyéh₂
    genitive *Hyósyo *Hyósyeh₂s
    masculine singular dual plural
    nominative *Hyós *Hyóh₁ *Hyóy
    accusative *Hyóm *Hyóh₁ *Hyóms
    genitive *Hyósyo *? *HyóysoHom
    ablative *Hyósmead *? *Hyóymos, *Hyóybʰos
    dative *Hyósmey *? *Hyóymos, *Hyóybʰos
    locative *Hyósmi *? *Hyóysu
    instrumental *Hyónoh₁ *? *Hyṓys
    feminine singular dual plural
    nominative *Hyéh₂ *? *Hyéh₂es
    accusative *Hyā́m *? *Hyéh₂m̥s
    genitive *Hyósyeh₂s *? *Hyéh₂soHom
    ablative *Hyósyeh₂s *? *Hyéh₂mos, *Hyéh₂bʰos
    dative *Hyósyeh₂ey *? *Hyéh₂mos, *Hyéh₂bʰos
    locative *Hyósyeh₂ *? *Hyéh₂su
    instrumental *Hyéh₂(e)h₁ *? *Hyéh₂mis, *Hyéh₂bʰis
    neuter singular dual plural
    nominative *Hyód *Hyóy *Hyéh₂
    accusative *Hyód *Hyóy *Hyéh₂
    genitive *Hyósyo *? *HyóysoHom
    ablative *Hyósmead *? *Hyóymos, *Hyóybʰos
    dative *Hyósmey *? *Hyóymos, *Hyóybʰos
    locative *Hyósmi *? *Hyóysu
    instrumental *Hyónoh₁ *? *Hyṓys

    Derived terms

    • *Hyoyso-[6]
      • Proto-Hellenic: *yóihos
    • *Hyo-tero-s (“which (of two)”)
      • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Hellenic:
        • Cretan Ancient Greek: ὄτερος (óteros)[1]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
        • Proto-Iranian:
          • Younger Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬙𐬁𐬭𐬀 (yatāra)
    • *Hyó-ti (“how many (rel.)”)[3]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáti
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
        • Proto-Iranian:
          • Younger Avestan: 𐬫𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (yeiti)
      • ⇒ *Hyoty-o-s
        • Proto-Hellenic: *yótsos
    • *Hyó-tro[8]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyátra
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyátra
        • Proto-Iranian: *Hyátra
          • Avestan:
            Old Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬁 (yaθrā)
            Younger Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀 (yaθra)
    • *Hyeh₂-wot (“as long as, until”)[9]
    • *Hyó-th₂[3]
      • Proto-Hellenic:
        • Aeolic Greek: ὅτα (hóta, “when”)
      • ⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HyátʰaH (see there for further descendants)
    Unsorted formations

    Descendants

    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Slavic: *jь (partially) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Celtic: *yo, *so
      • Celtiberian: ios
      • Gaulish: -ío
      • Old Irish: -a (after a preposition; in other cases transphonologized as relative forms of verbs and leniting relative clauses)
    • Proto-Germanic:
      • Proto-Norse: ᛁᚨᛊ (ias), ᛁᚨᛉ (iaʀ)[3]
    • Proto-Hellenic: *yós
      • Ancient Greek: ὅς (hós)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyás (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic:
      • Latin: iam (< *jā́m)
    • Phrygian: ιος (ios /⁠jos⁠/)

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ὅς 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1117
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 396
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Dunkel, George E. (2014), Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 312-320
    4. ^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 55
    5. ^ Lundquist, Jesse; Yates, Anthony D. (2017–2018), “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Proto-Indo-European, page 2101: “*hₓyo-”
    6. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “τοῖος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1491
    7. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*eterъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 147
    8. ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “yátra”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
    9. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἔως 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 493


    PIE pronouns

    *éǵh₂ · *wéy · *túh₂ · *yúHs · *swé · *só · *ís · *kʷís · *h₁énos · *Hyós

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