स्तब्ध
Hindi
Etymology
Etymology tree
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit स्तब्ध (stabdha). Doublet of ठाढ़ा (ṭhāṛhā).
Pronunciation
- (Delhi) IPA(key): /st̪əbd̪ʱ/, [st̪ɐbd̪ʱ]
Adjective
स्तब्ध • (stabdh) (indeclinable)
- fixed, firm
- brought to a standstill, motionless, inert
- numb, insensible
Noun
स्तब्ध • (stabdh) m
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| direct | स्तब्ध stabdh |
स्तब्ध stabdh |
| oblique | स्तब्ध stabdh |
स्तब्धों stabdhõ |
| vocative | स्तब्ध stabdh |
स्तब्धो stabdho |
Derived terms
- अस्तब्ध (astabdh, “unsteady”)
- निस्तब्ध (nistabdh, “motionless”)
- निस्तब्धता (nistabdhatā, “stillness”)
References
- McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993), “स्तब्ध”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- স্তব্ধ (Assamese script)
- ᬲ᭄ᬢᬩ᭄ᬥ (Balinese script)
- স্তব্ধ (Bengali script)
- 𑰭𑰿𑰝𑰤𑰿𑰠 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀲𑁆𑀢𑀩𑁆𑀥 (Brahmi script)
- သ္တဗ္ဓ (Burmese script)
- સ્તબ્ધ (Gujarati script)
- ਸ੍ਤਬ੍ਧ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌸𑍍𑌤𑌬𑍍𑌧 (Grantha script)
- ꦱ꧀ꦠꦧ꧀ꦣ (Javanese script)
- 𑂮𑂹𑂞𑂥𑂹𑂡 (Kaithi script)
- ಸ್ತಬ್ಧ (Kannada script)
- ស្តព្ធ (Khmer script)
- ສ຺ຕພ຺ຘ (Lao script)
- സ്തബ്ധ (Malayalam script)
- ᠰᢠᠠᠪᢡᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘭𑘿𑘝𑘤𑘿𑘠 (Modi script)
- ᠰᢐᠠᠪᢑᠾᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑧍𑧠𑦽𑧄𑧠𑧀 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐳𑑂𑐟𑐧𑑂𑐢 (Newa script)
- ସ୍ତବ୍ଧ (Odia script)
- ꢱ꣄ꢡꢨ꣄ꢤ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆱𑇀𑆠𑆧𑇀𑆣 (Sharada script)
- 𑖭𑖿𑖝𑖤𑖿𑖠 (Siddham script)
- ස්තබ්ධ (Sinhalese script)
- 𑪁 𑪙𑩫𑩲 𑪙𑩮 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚨𑚶𑚙𑚠𑚶𑚜 (Takri script)
- ஸ்தப்³த⁴ (Tamil script)
- స్తబ్ధ (Telugu script)
- สฺตพฺธ (Thai script)
- སྟ་བྡྷ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒮𑓂𑒞𑒥𑓂𑒡 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨰𑩇𑨙𑨠𑩇𑨜 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *stabdʰás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *stabdʰás, from Proto-Indo-European *stebʰ-tó-s. From the root स्तभ् (stabh) + -त (-ta).
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /stɐb.dʱɐ́/, [stɐb̚.dʱɐ́]
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /s̪t̪ɐb.d̪ʱɐ/, [s̪t̪ɐb̚.d̪ʱɐ]
Adjective
स्तब्ध • (stabdhá) stem (root स्तभ्)
- firmly fixed, supported, propped
- reaching up to
- stiff, rigid, immovable, paralyzed, senseless, dull
- solidified (as water)
- puffed up, proud, arrogant
- tardy, slack, slow
- obstinate, stubborn, hard-hearted
- coarse
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | स्तब्धः (stabdháḥ) | स्तब्धौ (stabdháu) स्तब्धा¹ (stabdhā́¹) |
स्तब्धाः (stabdhā́ḥ) स्तब्धासः¹ (stabdhā́saḥ¹) |
| accusative | स्तब्धम् (stabdhám) | स्तब्धौ (stabdháu) स्तब्धा¹ (stabdhā́¹) |
स्तब्धान् (stabdhā́n) |
| instrumental | स्तब्धेन (stabdhéna) | स्तब्धाभ्याम् (stabdhā́bhyām) | स्तब्धैः (stabdháiḥ) स्तब्धेभिः¹ (stabdhébhiḥ¹) |
| dative | स्तब्धाय (stabdhā́ya) | स्तब्धाभ्याम् (stabdhā́bhyām) | स्तब्धेभ्यः (stabdhébhyaḥ) |
| ablative | स्तब्धात् (stabdhā́t) | स्तब्धाभ्याम् (stabdhā́bhyām) | स्तब्धेभ्यः (stabdhébhyaḥ) |
| genitive | स्तब्धस्य (stabdhásya) | स्तब्धयोः (stabdháyoḥ) | स्तब्धानाम् (stabdhā́nām) |
| locative | स्तब्धे (stabdhé) | स्तब्धयोः (stabdháyoḥ) | स्तब्धेषु (stabdhéṣu) |
| vocative | स्तब्ध (stábdha) | स्तब्धौ (stábdhau) स्तब्धा¹ (stábdhā¹) |
स्तब्धाः (stábdhāḥ) स्तब्धासः¹ (stábdhāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | स्तब्धा (stabdhā́) | स्तब्धे (stabdhé) | स्तब्धाः (stabdhā́ḥ) |
| accusative | स्तब्धाम् (stabdhā́m) | स्तब्धे (stabdhé) | स्तब्धाः (stabdhā́ḥ) |
| instrumental | स्तब्धया (stabdháyā) स्तब्धा¹ (stabdhā́¹) |
स्तब्धाभ्याम् (stabdhā́bhyām) | स्तब्धाभिः (stabdhā́bhiḥ) |
| dative | स्तब्धायै (stabdhā́yai) | स्तब्धाभ्याम् (stabdhā́bhyām) | स्तब्धाभ्यः (stabdhā́bhyaḥ) |
| ablative | स्तब्धायाः (stabdhā́yāḥ) स्तब्धायै² (stabdhā́yai²) |
स्तब्धाभ्याम् (stabdhā́bhyām) | स्तब्धाभ्यः (stabdhā́bhyaḥ) |
| genitive | स्तब्धायाः (stabdhā́yāḥ) स्तब्धायै² (stabdhā́yai²) |
स्तब्धयोः (stabdháyoḥ) | स्तब्धानाम् (stabdhā́nām) |
| locative | स्तब्धायाम् (stabdhā́yām) | स्तब्धयोः (stabdháyoḥ) | स्तब्धासु (stabdhā́su) |
| vocative | स्तब्धे (stábdhe) | स्तब्धे (stábdhe) | स्तब्धाः (stábdhāḥ) |
- ¹Vedic
- ²Brāhmaṇas
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | स्तब्धम् (stabdhám) | स्तब्धे (stabdhé) | स्तब्धानि (stabdhā́ni) स्तब्धा¹ (stabdhā́¹) |
| accusative | स्तब्धम् (stabdhám) | स्तब्धे (stabdhé) | स्तब्धानि (stabdhā́ni) स्तब्धा¹ (stabdhā́¹) |
| instrumental | स्तब्धेन (stabdhéna) | स्तब्धाभ्याम् (stabdhā́bhyām) | स्तब्धैः (stabdháiḥ) स्तब्धेभिः¹ (stabdhébhiḥ¹) |
| dative | स्तब्धाय (stabdhā́ya) | स्तब्धाभ्याम् (stabdhā́bhyām) | स्तब्धेभ्यः (stabdhébhyaḥ) |
| ablative | स्तब्धात् (stabdhā́t) | स्तब्धाभ्याम् (stabdhā́bhyām) | स्तब्धेभ्यः (stabdhébhyaḥ) |
| genitive | स्तब्धस्य (stabdhásya) | स्तब्धयोः (stabdháyoḥ) | स्तब्धानाम् (stabdhā́nām) |
| locative | स्तब्धे (stabdhé) | स्तब्धयोः (stabdháyoḥ) | स्तब्धेषु (stabdhéṣu) |
| vocative | स्तब्ध (stábdha) | स्तब्धे (stábdhe) | स्तब्धानि (stábdhāni) स्तब्धा¹ (stábdhā¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Descendants
- Pali: thaddha (“hard, firm, slow”)
- Prakrit: 𑀣𑀤𑁆𑀥 (thaddha), 𑀣𑀟𑁆𑀠 (thaḍḍha), 𑀣𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀺𑀅 (thaḍḍhia, “fixed, firm”), 𑀞𑀟𑁆𑀠 (ṭhaḍḍha, “blunted, cold”), (influenced by Proto-Dravidian *taṇ (“cold”):) *𑀣𑀡𑁆𑀠 (*thaṇḍha), *𑀞𑀡𑁆𑀠 (*ṭhaṇḍha)
- Dardic:
- Shumashti: [script needed] (tāṛe, “above, up”)
- Kashmiri: [script needed] (thodu), [script needed] (thaṇḍ)
- Eastern:
- Magadhi Prakrit:
- Bengali: ঠান্ডা (ṭhanḍa)
- Maithili: [script needed] (ṭhāṛh), [script needed] (ṭhāṛhab, “to stand”)
- Magadhi Prakrit:
- Central:
- Sauraseni Prakrit:
- Old Gujarati:
- Gujarati: ટાઢું (ṭāḍhũ), તાઢું (tāḍhũ, “sluggish, contented, cold”)
- Hindi: ठाढ़ (ṭhāṛh), ठाड़ (ṭhāṛ), ठाड़ा (ṭhāṛā), ठाढ़ा (ṭhāṛhā, “fixed, stationary, erect, steep”), ठाढ़ना (ṭhāṛhnā, “to be fixed, stand up”), ठंढ (ṭhaṇḍh, “cold”), ठंढा (ṭhaṇḍhā), ठंड (ṭhaṇḍ), ठंडा (ṭhaṇḍā)
- Pahari:
- Nepali: ठाडो (ṭhāḍo, “vertical, rude, gauche”)
- Western Pahari:
- Jaunsari: [script needed] (ṭhāṛō, “standing”), [script needed] (ṭhāḍā)
- Old Gujarati:
- Romani: tardo
- Sauraseni Prakrit:
- Southern
- Maharastri Prakrit:
- Marathi: ठाडा (ṭhāḍā, “erect”)
- Maharastri Prakrit:
- Northwestern:
- Dardic:
- → Hindi: स्तब्ध (stabdh)
References
- Monier Williams (1899), “स्तब्ध”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1258/1.
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “stabdha”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press