Reconstruction:Proto-Yeniseian/tɬadʳ

This Proto-Yeniseian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
This Proto-Yeniseian entry contains original research. The reconstruction in this entry is based on published research, but the specific form presented here is not found in prior works.

Proto-Yeniseian

Alternative reconstructions

  • *kaλ, *ker- (per Werner 2002)
  • *g[a]r (per Starostin 1994-2005)
  • *kaλ (for Proto-Yeniseian), *kɔˀt (for Ketic terms, per Vajda-Werner 2022)
  • *tol-adʳ, *tɬa-adʳ (per Fortescue-Vajda 2022)

Reconstruction notes

A trend to monosyllabicize the complex compound is seen across the attested languages (Unabridged stem: **tewk-atɬ-adʳ), as is common in Yeniseian compounds. Compare *šowλ [< *šowq-atɬ] (“snow sled, polar sledge”, literally “bent back-pair”) and *çajλ [< *çaj-χek-ɬ] (“overnight stay”, literally “night-time-INSTRUMENT NOUN”).

Arin ken is unclear. It might reflect a reduced plural stem *tɬadʳVŋ ~ tɬadʳjan, in which case one would expect a hypothetical *len [< *le-Vŋ] instead of the attested term. It is not given by Vajda (2024) alongside Kottic and Pumpokol terms.

According to the Starostin (1994-2005)[1] and Cologne group (2024),[2] Pumpokol lat belongs under *ɬaws (“vulva”) instead.

Etymology

Composed of *tewtɬ [*tewk-atɬ] (“down, low side”) +‎ *adʳ (“bone, body part”),[3] perhaps via metathesis (*tl- < **tɬV- < **tewtɬ).

Compared to Proto-Athabaskan *tɬʼaˑ (“rear part, buttock, posterior”)[4] and Navajo atłʼaaʼ (“rump, buttocks”); derived from earlier Proto-Athabaskan *tɬʼaˑx̣, *tɬʼaˑɣ̇ə (“underside, bottom of...”)[5] according to Fortescue-Vajda (2022).

Noun

*tɬadʳ (plural *tɬadʳ-Vŋ)

  1. (anatomy) vulva, female genital organ
    Synonym: *ɬaws
    Coordinate term: *bus (“penis, male genital organ”)

Descendants

  • Ketic:
    • Imbak Ket: koːt (M.)
      • ⇒ Ket: коʼт (kɔˀt, singular), кореӈ (kɔ́ɾɛŋ, “podex”, plural) (Southern dialects)[6]
      • ⇒ Ket: коʼт (kɔˀt, singular), кодеӈ (kɔdɛŋ, “rear, buttocks”, plural) (Central dialects)
    • Yug: гоʼт (gɔˀt, singular), годиӈ (gɔdiŋ, “podex, rump”, plural)
  • Kottic:
    • Assan: karš (M., Kl., W.), kar (Kl.)
    • Kott: kar (singular) (C., M., W., Kl.), karaŋ (plural) (C.)
  • Arinic:
    • >? Arin: ken (plural?, translates Latin cunnus) (M., Kl., W.)
  • Pumpokolic:
    • Pumpokol: lat (M., W.)

See also

  • Proto-Yeniseian entry guidelines § Bibliography

References

  1. ^ https://starlingdb.org/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=%2fDATA%2fYENISEY%2fYENET&text_number=319&root=config
  2. ^ Hill, Eugen; Fries, Simon; Korobzow, Natalie; Günther, Laura; Svenja, Bonmann (2024), “'vulva'”, in “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part II: Word-Final Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[1], number 6, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 252 of 216-293
  3. ^ Fortescue, Michael; Vajda, Edward (2022), Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 317
  4. ^ Leer, Jeff (1996), Comparative Athabaskan Lexicon‎[3], volume tL1a-tL1u, Alaska Native Language Archive, page 1
  5. ^ Leer, Jeff (1996), Comparative Athabaskan Lexicon‎[4], volume tL1a-tL1u, Alaska Native Language Archive, page 5
  6. ^ Kotorova, Elizaveta; Nefedov, Andrey (2015), Большой словарь кетского языка, Münich: LINCOM, →ISBN, page 239

Further reading

  • Fortescue, Michael; Vajda, Edward (2022), “28.) ~*tɬaq-ej < ~*toɬ-q-ej”, in Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 339
  • Vajda, Edward; Werner, Heinrich (2022), “*kaλ”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), volume 1, Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 379
  • Vajda, Edward; Werner, Heinrich (2022), “*kɔˀt”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), volume 1, Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 416
  • Vajda, Edward (2024), “*tɬadʳ”, in The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎[6], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 417
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002), “kar (I)”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, volume 1, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 411
  • Werner, Heinrich (2005), “vulva”, in Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 331
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