Reconstruction:Proto-Yeniseian/šowqatɬ

This Proto-Yeniseian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Yeniseian

Alternative reconstructions

*tʲogəλ, *sogəl (for Proto-Yeniseian), *čogəλ (for Proto-Kottic, per Werner 2002)
*soʔol (per Starostin 1994-2005)^[1]
*sogʌλ, *čogʌλ (per Vajda-Werner 2022)
*šowqtɬ^? (per Fortescue-Vajda 2022)^[2]^[3]
*ɕor₁ (for Proto-Yeniseian), *tier₁ (for Proto-Pumpokolic, per Cologne group. Pattern: s.2-l.2)

Reconstruction notes

Reconstruction of onset *š- is uncertain without a genuine Kott descendant, as noted by Vajda (2024).^[4] This reconstruction relies in part on the etymological explanation given below, theorized in analogy to the reconstructed *šowqɬ (“hook-shaped instrument”), which yields the expected correspondence of Ketic s- and Kottic š-.

Native terms underwent monosyllabicization (Monosyllabic stem: *šowtɬ), as is common in Yeniseian compounds. Compare *tewλ [< *tewk-atɬ] (“north, downriver”, literally “down-side”) and *çajλ [< *çaj-χek-ɬ] (“overnight stay”, literally “night-time-INSTRUMENT NOUN”).

Etymology

Composed of *šowq (“bent back, hooked”) +‎ *atɬ (“half-, a pair of objects”).

Uncompounded Kottic terms are reborrowings from Siberian Turkic, see Khabtagaeva (2019), Vajda-Werner (2022), Cologne group (2023, 2024) and Vajda (2024) for more.

Noun

*šowqatɬ (plural *šowqatɬ-Vŋ)

(navigation, vehicles) snow sled, polar sled (a small sledge dragged behind migrating families to transport belongings or the persons unable to walk)

Descendants

Ketic:
- Imbak Ket: suul (M., W., Kl.)
  - ⇒ Imbak Ket: buonč́ōl (“dragging sleigh”) (Don., recorded in 1955)
  - Ket: сюуль (sʲúùlʲ, sʲûːlʲ, singular), сюляӈ (sʲúlʲàŋ, plural) (Southern and Central dialects)^[5]
  - Ket: сюуль (sʲúùlʲ, sʲûːlʲ), сёоль (sʲɔ́ùlʲ, sʲôːlʲ) (Northern dialects)
- Ostyak Yug: súul (M.)
  - Yug: соол (sɔːl), соул (sɔ̄ul, singular), соулыӈ (sɔ̄ulɨŋ, plural)
Kottic:
- ⇒ Kott: funčol, pʰunčol (singular) (C.), funčálaŋ (“small sled”, plural) (C.)

Early Proto-Kottic: *čogaλ
- → Proto-Common Turkic: *čoɣar (“sledge, sled”)^[6]
  - → Proto-Mongolic: *čarɣa (“sleigh”)^[7]
  - Siberian Turkic:
    - North Siberian Turkic:
      - → Proto-Tungusic: *sērga (“sledge”)^[8]
      - Yakut: сыарҕа (sıarğa)
    - South Siberian Turkic:
      - Khakas: соор (soor)
        → Kott: s'ol (C., Kojbal dialect)
      - Tofa: шэгер (šɛger)
      - Tuvan: шырга (şırga, “train of sleighs, drag”)
  - → Late Proto-Kottic:^[9]
    - Assan: čogár (M., W., Kl.), čegar (Kl.)
    - Kott: čugar, čukár (C.), čogár (singular) (M., W., Kl.), čugaraŋ, čukaraŋ (plural) (C.)

Arinic:
- Arin: šal (M., W., Kl.)
Pumpokolic:
- Pumpokol: cel (“polar sledge”) (W.), zell (“horse carriage”) (M.)

References

^ https://starlingdb.org/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=%2fDATA%2fYENISEY%2fYENET&text_number=645&root=config
^ Fortescue, Michael; Vajda, Edward (2022), “PY *tɬ”, in Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 257
^ Fortescue, Michael; Vajda, Edward (2022), Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 258
^ Vajda, Edward (2024), The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎^[3], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 392
^ Kotorova, Elizaveta; Nefedov, Andrey (2015), Большой словарь кетского языка, Münich: LINCOM, →ISBN, page 356
^ Khabtagaeva, Bayarma (2019), “Kott čogár [...], Assan čegar [...]”, in Language Contact in Siberia: Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic Loanwords in Yeniseian (The languages of Asia series; 19)‎^[4], Brill, →ISBN, pages 122-123
^ There are conflicting opinions on the Mongolic term, based on its limited attestation and aberrant form. This iteration is adopted from the Cologne group (2023, 2024).
^ Cincius, V. I. (1975–1977), Сравнительный словарь тунгусо-маньчжурских языков [Comparative Dictionary of Tungus-Manchu Languages] (in Russian), Leningrad: Nauka, pages 387-388
^ Reborrowing from Siberian Turkic.

Bonmann, Svenja; Fries, Simon; Korobzow, Natalie; Günther, Laura; Hill, Eugen (2023), “'polar sledge'”, in “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part I: Word-Initial Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎^[5], number 5, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 61 of 39-82
Hill, Eugen; Fries, Simon; Korobzow, Natalie; Günther, Laura; Svenja, Bonmann (2024), “'polar sledge'^a”, in “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part II: Word-Final Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎^[6], number 6, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 262 of 216-293
Vajda, Edward; Werner, Heinrich (2022), “*sogʌλ/*čogʌλ”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), volume 2, Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 813
Vajda, Edward (2024), “~*šowq-atɬ”, in The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎^[7], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 419
Werner, Heinrich (2002), “³suːl'/³s'uːl'”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, volume 2, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 175
Werner, Heinrich (2002), “³s'uːl'”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, volume 2, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 218
Werner, Heinrich (2005), “polar sledge, sledge (polar sledge)”, in Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, pages 315, 323

[1] ttps://starlingdb.org/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=%2fDATA%2fYENISEY%2fYENET&text_number=645&root=config

[2] Fortescue, Michael; Vajda, Edward (2022), “PY *tɬ”, in Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 257

[3] Fortescue, Michael; Vajda, Edward (2022), Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 258

[4] Vajda, Edward (2024), The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎^[3], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 392

[5] Kotorova, Elizaveta; Nefedov, Andrey (2015), Большой словарь кетского языка, Münich: LINCOM, →ISBN, page 356

[6] Khabtagaeva, Bayarma (2019), “Kott čogár [...], Assan čegar [...]”, in Language Contact in Siberia: Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic Loanwords in Yeniseian (The languages of Asia series; 19)‎^[4], Brill, →ISBN, pages 122-123

[7] There are conflicting opinions on the Mongolic term, based on its limited attestation and aberrant form. This iteration is adopted from the Cologne group (2023, 2024).

[8] Cincius, V. I. (1975–1977), Сравнительный словарь тунгусо-маньчжурских языков [Comparative Dictionary of Tungus-Manchu Languages] (in Russian), Leningrad: Nauka, pages 387-388

[9] Reborrowing from Siberian Turkic.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]