Reconstruction:Proto-Yeniseian/çaj

This Proto-Yeniseian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Yeniseian

Alternative reconstructions

  • *šigə ('night'), *tʲagaλ, *sagaλ ('overnight stay', per Werner 2002)
  • *siɢ ('night'[1]), *saɢar₁ ('to spend the night'[2], per Starostin 1994-2005)
  • *sig, *sigʌ (per Vajda-Werner 2022)
  • *çej ('dark, night', for Pre-Proto-Yeniseian), *šej, *çejk ('found in compounds'), *çej-(xek)-ɬ ('dusk falls, night passes', per Fortescue-Vajda 2022)
  • *ça- (for compounds, per Vajda 2024)
  • *š?i-, *ʂ?i- (per Cologne group. Pattern: s.3-X)

Etymology

The bare stem is compared to the stem xi-/xei- found in Tlingit xi.áat, xei.át, xee.át (“dusk, twilight”).[3] Meanwhile, the compound listed below, *çaj-χek-ɬ ~ *çaj-ɬ (later simplified into *çagaɬ ~ *çaɬ),[4] is compared to Eyak seːɬ (“evening”), ɬ-seːɬ (“it becomes evening”) and Tlingit xáanaa (“evening”).[5] Cognates in the Athabaskan branch are found with the derived term, *çajVŋʷ (“a dark color”) instead of this gloss, 'night'. See there for more potential cognates.

According to Werner (2022) and Vajda-Werner (2022), who assume the reconstruction to be *sig instead, composed of *sīˑg (“dark”) +‎ *iˀk (“day, daytime”).

Noun

*çaj (plural *çaj-Vŋ)

  1. (time) night
    Coordinate terms: *bis (“evening”), *χek (“day, daytime”)
Derived terms
  • *çajVŋʷ (“a dark color; dark blue-, green- or gray-colored”)

Descendants

  • Ketic:
    • Imbak Ket: džɨː (Mes.), džu (Kl.; Eed-Šeš dialect)
    • Imbak Ket: siː (M., W.); si (VW., W.); sij, sii (Ad.)
    • Ostyak Yug: síi (M.)
  • Kottic:
    • Assan: šig (M., W., Kl., VW.)
    • Kott: šîg, šîx (C.), šig (H., M., W., Kl., VW.)
      • ⇒ Kott: šitman (Kl.), šitɨman (“night-time, morning”) (H.)
      • ⇒ Kott: šušig (“midnight”, literally “half-night”) (M., W., Kl.)
  • Arinic:
    • Arin: saj (H., M., W., Kl., VW.)
      • ⇒ Arin: sájpič (“bat”, literally “night-hare”) (M., W., Kl.)
  • ⇒ Proto-Yeniseian: *çaj-xʷaj (“moon”, literally “night-sun”) (Monosyllabic stem: *çuj)
    • Kottic:
      • Assan: šuj (M., W., Kl., VW.)
      • Kott: čuj (Str.; Kamasin dialect)
      • Kott: čuj (Mes.; P.), cuj (Mes.; Kojbal dialect)
      • Kott: šuj (C.)
        • ⇒ Kott: šuj (H.), šui (“month”) (C.)
    • Arinic:
      • Arin: éšuj (M., W., Kl., VW.), išuj (Str.)
        • ⇒ Arin: išuj (H.), ešhuj (“month”) (M., W.)
    • Pumpokolic:
      • Pumpokol: túi (M.), tuj (W., VW., Kl.)
  • ⇒ Proto-Yeniseian: *çaj-χek-ɬ (“passage of night, overnight stay”, literally “night(-time)-INSTRUMENT NOUN”)[7][8][9][10] (Monosyllabic stem: *çajɬ)
    • Ketic:
    • Kottic:
      • Kott: šagal, čagal (C.)
    • Arinic:
      • >? Arin: *sal (not found in wordlists, listed and retroactively reconstructed by Vajda 2024)[12]
    • Pumpokolic:
      • Pumpokol: thol (M.), tôl (“night, night-stay”) (W., VW., Kl.; *χek dropped)
        • ⇒ Pumpokol: túthol (“midnight”, literally “half-overnight stay”) (M.)
      • ⇒ Pumpokol: tẽtsch (M.), teč (“night”) (W., VW., Kl.; *-ɬ dropped by reanalysis)

See also

  • Proto-Yeniseian entry guidelines § Bibliography

References

  1. ^ https://starlingdb.org/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=%2fDATA%2fYENISEY%2fYENET&text_number=633&root=config
  2. ^ https://starlingdb.org/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=%2fDATA%2fYENISEY%2fYENET&text_number=605&root=config
  3. ^ Twitchell, X̱ʼunei Lance (2020), Tlingit Online Dictionary, Juneau, Alaska: Independently published, supported by Goldbelt Heritage Foundation and the University of Alaska Southeast, →ISBN, pages 237, 282
  4. ^ Vajda, Edward (2024), “*çagaɬ”, in The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎[1], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 418
  5. ^ Twitchell, X̱ʼunei Lance (2020), Tlingit Online Dictionary, Juneau, Alaska: Independently published, supported by Goldbelt Heritage Foundation and the University of Alaska Southeast, →ISBN, page 237
  6. ^ Kotorova, Elizaveta; Nefedov, Andrey (2015), Большой словарь кетского языка, Münich: LINCOM, →ISBN, pages 342-343
  7. ^ Fortescue, Michael; Vajda, Edward (2022), “68.) ~*çej-(xek)-ɬ”, in Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 357-358
  8. ^ Vajda, Edward (2024), The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎[3], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, pages 392-393
  9. ^ Bonmann, Svenja; Fries, Simon; Korobzow, Natalie; Günther, Laura; Hill, Eugen (2023), “'to stay overnight; overnight stay'”, in “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part I: Word-Initial Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[4], number 5, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 60 of 39-82
  10. ^ Hill, Eugen; Fries, Simon; Korobzow, Natalie; Günther, Laura; Svenja, Bonmann (2024), “'night, overnight stay'b”, in “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part II: Word-Final Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[5], number 6, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 265 of 216-293
  11. ^ Kotorova, Elizaveta; Nefedov, Andrey (2015), Большой словарь кетского языка, Münich: LINCOM, →ISBN, pages 331-332
  12. ^ Vajda, Edward (2024), The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎[6], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 393

Further reading

  • Bonmann, Svenja; Fries, Simon; Korobzow, Natalie; Günther, Laura; Hill, Eugen (2023), “'night'”, in “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part I: Word-Initial Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[7], number 5, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 62 of 39-82
  • Fortescue, Michael; Vajda, Edward (2022), “67.) ~*çej, 68.) ~*çej-(xek)-ɬ”, in Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎[8], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 357-358
  • Vajda, Edward; Werner, Heinrich (2022), “*sagaλ/*čagaλ (1, 2)”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), volume 2, Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 756
  • Vajda, Edward; Werner, Heinrich (2022), “*sig(ʌ)”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), volume 2, Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, pages 795-796
  • Vajda, Edward (2024), “*çaj-χek”, in The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎[9], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 418
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002), “3saːl (I, II)”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, volume 2, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 162
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002), “1s'iˑ”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, volume 2, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 206
  • Werner, Heinrich (2005), “night”, in Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 311
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