Reconstruction:Proto-Yeniseian/xʷaj

This Proto-Yeniseian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Yeniseian

Alternative reconstructions

  • *egə, *hegə (per Werner 2002)
  • *xiɢa (per Starostin 1994-2005)[1]
  • *Higʌ (for Pre-Proto-Yeniseian), *egʌ (for Proto-Yeniseian, per Vajda-Werner 2022)
  • *xʷaj-ga (per Vajda 2024)

Reconstruction notes

Descendant forms that reflect a suffixed *xʷaj-ga are not differentiated from the bare reflexes for the sake of brevity.

A conflation and confusion of this root with the phonetically and semantically similar *χek (“day, time”) can be seen throughout the Yeniseian languages, and especially in Ket and Yugh, where the reflexes are almost identical.

Etymology

Compared to Proto-Athabaskan *šʷaˑ ~ *šaˑ (“sun”)[2][3], Navajo shá (“sun”) and Eyak xʷah (“sun”).

Noun

*xʷaj (plural *xʷaj-ga-n)

  1. (astronomy) sun
  2. (shamanism) maternalistic sun goddess
    Coordinate term: *wes (“paternalistic sky god”)
Derived terms
  • *šejgxʷaj (“year”, literally “four-sun”)

Descendants

  • Ketic:
    • Imbak Ket: ɨj (Mes.; Eed-Šeš dialect)
    • Imbak Ket: iː (M., W.), i (Ad., VW.)
      • Ket: и (īˑ, no plural) (Southern and Central dialects)[4]
    • Ostyak Yug: i (M.)
      • Yug: и (ī, no plural)
  • Kottic:
    • Assan: öga (M., W., VW., Kl.), éga (Kl.)
    • Kott: egɨ (Str.; Kamasin dialect)[5]
    • Kott: ega (Mes., P.; Kojbal dialect)
    • Kott: êga, êgä (C.), éga (M., W., VW., Kl.), ɛga (singular) (H.), êgaŋ (plural) (C.)
  • Arinic:
    • Arin: éja (M., W., VW.), éga (Kl.), ɛga (H.)
    • ⇒ Arin: xagalɨ (“sunshine, sunrays”, literally “sun-extension”) (Str.)
  • Pumpokolic:
    • ⇒ Pumpokol: hixem (W., VW., Kl.), híchem (“sun, sunshine”, literally “sun-arrow”) (M.)
  • ⇒ Proto-Yeniseian: *çaj-xʷaj (“moon”, literally “night-sun”) (Monosyllabic stem: *çuj)
    • Kottic:
      • Assan: šuj (M., W., Kl., VW.)
      • Kott: čuj (Str.; Kamasin dialect)
      • Kott: čuj (Mes.; P.), cuj (Mes.; Kojbal dialect)
      • Kott: šuj (C.)
        • ⇒ Kott: šuj (H.), šui (“month”) (C.)
    • Arinic:
      • Arin: éšuj (M., W., Kl., VW.), išuj (Str.)
        • ⇒ Arin: išuj (H.), ešhuj (“month”) (M., W.)
    • Pumpokolic:
      • Pumpokol: túi (M.), tuj (W., VW., Kl.)

See also

  • Proto-Yeniseian entry guidelines § Bibliography

References

  1. ^ https://starlingdb.org/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=%2fDATA%2fYENISEY%2fYENET&text_number=765&root=config
  2. ^ Leer, Jeff (1996), Comparative Athabaskan Lexicon‎[1], volume sh/zha-sh/zhe, Alaska Native Language Archive, page 2
  3. ^ * Sharon Hargus; Keren Rice (2005), Athabaskan Prosody, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 82
  4. ^ Kotorova, Elizaveta; Nefedov, Andrey (2015), Большой словарь кетского языка, Münich: LINCOM, →ISBN, page 202
  5. ^ Recorded by Strahlenberg as kgɨ, most likely a typographic error.

Further reading

  • Fortescue, Michael; Vajda, Edward (2022), “90.) ~*xʷaj”, in Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 369-370
  • Vajda, Edward; Werner, Heinrich (2022), “*Higʌ”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), volume 1, Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 321
  • Vajda, Edward (2024), “*xʷaj-ga”, in The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎[3], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 420
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002), “1iˑ (II)”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, volume 1, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 392
  • Werner, Heinrich (2005), “sun”, in Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 326
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