त्वम्
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- ত্বম্ (Assamese script)
- ᬢ᭄ᬯᬫ᭄ (Balinese script)
- ত্বম্ (Bengali script)
- 𑰝𑰿𑰪𑰦𑰿 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀢𑁆𑀯𑀫𑁆 (Brahmi script)
- တွမ် (Burmese script)
- ત્વમ્ (Gujarati script)
- ਤ੍ਵਮ੍ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌤𑍍𑌵𑌮𑍍 (Grantha script)
- ꦠ꧀ꦮꦩ꧀ (Javanese script)
- 𑂞𑂹𑂫𑂧𑂹 (Kaithi script)
- ತ್ವಮ್ (Kannada script)
- ត្វម៑ (Khmer script)
- ຕ຺ວມ຺ (Lao script)
- ത്വമ് (Malayalam script)
- ᢠᠣᠸᠠᠮ (Manchu script)
- 𑘝𑘿𑘪𑘦𑘿 (Modi script)
- ᢐᢦᠮ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦽𑧠𑧊𑧆𑧠 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐟𑑂𑐰𑐩𑑂 (Newa script)
- ତ୍ଵମ୍ (Odia script)
- ꢡ꣄ꢮꢪ꣄ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆠𑇀𑆮𑆩𑇀 (Sharada script)
- 𑖝𑖿𑖪𑖦𑖿 (Siddham script)
- ත්වම් (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩫 𑪙𑩾𑩴 𑪙 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚙𑚶𑚦𑚢𑚶 (Takri script)
- த்வம் (Tamil script)
- త్వమ్ (Telugu script)
- ตฺวมฺ (Thai script)
- ཏྭ་མ྄ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒞𑓂𑒫𑒧𑓂 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨙𑩇𑨭𑨢𑨴 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-Iranian *tuHám, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.
Cognate with Avestan 𐬙𐬏𐬨 (tūm), Old Persian 𐎬𐎺𐎶 (tu-v-m /tuvam/), Ancient Greek σύ (sú), Latin tū, Old English þū (whence English thou).
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /tʋɐ́m/, /tu.ʋɐ́m/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /t̪ʋɐm/
Pronoun
त्वम् • (tvám)
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | त्वम् (tvám) | युवाम् (yuvā́m), युवम्¹ (yuvám¹) | यूयम् (yūyám) |
| accusative | त्वाम् (tvā́m) | युवाम् (yuvā́m) | युष्मान् (yuṣmā́n) |
| instrumental | त्वया (tváyā), त्वा¹ (tvā́¹) | युवाभ्याम् (yuvā́bhyām) | युष्माभिः (yuṣmā́bhiḥ) |
| dative | तुभ्यम् (túbhyam), त्वे¹ (tvé¹) | युवाभ्याम् (yuvā́bhyām), युवभ्याम्¹ (yuvábhyām¹) | युष्मभ्यम् (yuṣmábhyam), युष्मे¹ (yuṣmé¹) |
| ablative | त्वत् (tvát), त्वत्तः (tvattaḥ) | युवाभ्याम् (yuvā́bhyām), युवत्¹ (yuvát¹) | युष्मत् (yuṣmát), युष्मत्तः (yuṣmáttaḥ) |
| genitive | तव (táva) | युवयोः (yuváyoḥ), युवोः¹ (yuvóḥ¹) | युष्माकम् (yuṣmā́kam) |
| locative | त्वयि (tváyi), त्वे¹ (tvé¹) | युवयोः (yuváyoḥ) | युष्मासु (yuṣmā́su), युष्मे¹ (yuṣmé¹) |
| enclitic accusative | त्वा (tvā) | वाम् (vām) | वः (vaḥ) |
| enclitic dative/genitive | ते (te) | वाम् (vām) | वः (vaḥ) |
¹Vedic
Derived terms
- त्वत्पितृ (tvátpitṛ)
- त्वत्प्रसूत (tvátprasūta)
- त्वद्देवत्य (tvaddevatyà)
- त्वद्रिक् (tvadrík)
- त्वयत (tváyata)
- त्वादत्त (tvā́datta)
Descendants
- Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀢𑀼𑀫𑀁 (tumaṃ), 𑀢𑀼𑀫𑁂 (tume), 𑀢𑀁 (taṃ)
- Awadhi: तुइ (tui)
- Khasa Prakrit:
- Garhwali: तु (tu)
- Magadhi Prakrit:
- Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀢𑀼𑀫𑀁 (tumaṃ), 𑀢𑀼𑀁 (tuṃ), 𑀢𑀁 (taṃ) (same for Jain Maharastri)
- Paisaci Prakrit:
- Punjabi: ਤੂੰ (tū̃)
- Pali: tvaṃ, tuvaṃ
- Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀢𑀼𑀫𑀁 (tumaṃ), 𑀢𑀼𑀁 (tuṃ), 𑀢𑀁 (taṃ)
References
- Whitney, William Dwight (1889), Sanskrit Grammar, second edition, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, published 1950, →OCLC, pages 186-7
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), “tva-¹”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 682-3
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “tuvám”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 336
- Hellwig, Oliver (2010–2025), “tvad”, in DCS - The Digital Corpus of Sanskrit, Berlin, Germany.