traire
French
Etymology
Inherited from Old French traire, treire (“to pull”), from Early Medieval Latin tragō, from Latin trahere (“to pull”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /tʁɛʁ/
- Rhymes: -ɛʁ
Audio: (file) Audio (France (Vosges)): (file) Audio (France (Vosges)): (file) Audio (France (Somain)): (file)
Verb
traire
- (transitive) to milk (a cow, etc)
Conjugation
This verb traditionally has no past historic or imperfect subjunctive. They would be formed on a -tray- root: *je trayis, *que nous trayissions etc. Forms using the 'a' endings of verbs in -er are now used when there is an unavoidable need to use these forms. The root -trais- was used instead of -tray- in the 18th century, and remains in Swiss and Savoy dialects.
| infinitive | simple | traire | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | trayant /tʁɛ.jɑ̃/ or /tʁe.jɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | trait /tʁɛ/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | trais /tʁɛ/ |
trais /tʁɛ/ |
trait /tʁɛ/ |
trayons /tʁɛ.jɔ̃/ or /tʁe.jɔ̃/ |
trayez /tʁɛ.je/ or /tʁe.je/ |
traient /tʁɛ/ |
| imperfect | trayais /tʁɛ.jɛ/ or /tʁe.jɛ/ |
trayais /tʁɛ.jɛ/ or /tʁe.jɛ/ |
trayait /tʁɛ.jɛ/ or /tʁe.jɛ/ |
trayions /tʁɛj.jɔ̃/ |
trayiez /tʁɛj.je/ |
trayaient /tʁɛ.jɛ/ or /tʁe.jɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | trayai /tʁɛe/ |
trayas /tʁɛa/ |
traya /tʁɛa/ |
trayâmes /tʁɛam/ |
trayâtes /tʁɛat/ |
trayèrent /tʁɛɛʁ/ | |
| future | trairai /tʁɛ.ʁe/ or /tʁe.ʁe/ |
trairas /tʁɛ.ʁa/ or /tʁe.ʁa/ |
traira /tʁɛ.ʁa/ or /tʁe.ʁa/ |
trairons /tʁɛ.ʁɔ̃/ or /tʁe.ʁɔ̃/ |
trairez /tʁɛ.ʁe/ or /tʁe.ʁe/ |
trairont /tʁɛ.ʁɔ̃/ or /tʁe.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | trairais /tʁɛ.ʁɛ/ or /tʁe.ʁɛ/ |
trairais /tʁɛ.ʁɛ/ or /tʁe.ʁɛ/ |
trairait /tʁɛ.ʁɛ/ or /tʁe.ʁɛ/ |
trairions /tʁɛ.ʁjɔ̃/ or /tʁe.ʁjɔ̃/ |
trairiez /tʁɛ.ʁje/ or /tʁe.ʁje/ |
trairaient /tʁɛ.ʁɛ/ or /tʁe.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | traie /tʁɛ/ |
traies /tʁɛ/ |
traie /tʁɛ/ |
trayions /tʁɛj.jɔ̃/ |
trayiez /tʁɛj.je/ |
traient /tʁɛ/ |
| imperfect2 | trayasse /tʁɛas/ |
trayasses /tʁɛas/ |
trayât /tʁɛa/ |
trayassions /tʁɛa.sjɔ̃/ |
trayassiez /tʁɛa.sje/ |
trayassent /tʁɛas/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | trais /tʁɛ/ |
— | trayons /tʁɛ.jɔ̃/ or /tʁe.jɔ̃/ |
trayez /tʁɛ.je/ or /tʁe.je/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Related terms
Further reading
- “traire”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Anagrams
Middle French
Etymology
From Old French traire.
Verb
traire
- to fire (an arrow)
- c. 1369, Jean Froissart, Chroniques:
- arbalestriers commencierent a traire sur le chastel
- [the] crossbowmen started to fire at the castle
Descendants
- French: traire
Norman
Etymology
From Old French traire, from Early Medieval Latin tragō Latin trahō (“I pull”).
Verb
traire
Conjugation
| infinitive | traire | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gerund | trayant | ||||||
| auxiliary | aveir1 | ||||||
| past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
| singular | trait | traite | |||||
| plural | traits | traites | |||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| indicative | jeo (j') | tu (t') | il, elle, on |
nos | vos | il, elles | |
| present | trais | trais | trait | trayoms | trayez | traient | |
| imperfect | trayeis | trayeis | trayeit | trayioms | trayiez | trayeient | |
| preterite | trayis | trayis | trayit | trayîmes | trayîtes | trayîtrent | |
| future | trairai | trairas | traira | trairoms | trairez | trairont | |
| conditional | traireis | traireis | traireit | trairioms | trairiez | traireient | |
| subjunctive | que jeo (j') | que tu (t') | qu'il, qu'elle, qu'on |
que nos | que vos | qu'il, qu'elles | |
| present | traie | traies | traie | trayioms | trayiez | traient | |
| imperfect | trayisse | trayisses | trayît trayisse |
trayissioms | trayissiez | trayissent | |
| imperative | — | tu | — | nos | vos | — | |
| trais | trayoms | trayez | |||||
| 1Used with past participles. 2Archaic or literary forms. | |||||||
Related terms
Occitan
Etymology
From Old Occitan traire, from Early Medieval Latin tragō, from Latin trahere (“to drag, extract, trail”).
Pronunciation
Verb
traire
Old French
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Early Medieval Latin tragō, from Classical Latin trahō (“I pull”).
Verb
traire
- to pull
- (chiefly of a weapon) to draw; to unsheathe
- to pull out (extract by pulling); to remove (by pulling)
- c. 1150, Thomas d'Angleterre, Le Roman de Tristan, Champion Classiques edition, →ISBN, page 164, line 1980:
- Un anel d'or trait de sun dei
- she removed a gold ring from her finger
- c. 1170, Wace, Le Roman de Rou:
- A plusurs fist traire les denz
- For many, he pulled out their teeth
Conjugation
This verb conjugates as a third-group verb. This verb ends in a palatal stem, so there is an extra i before the e of some endings. This verb has irregularities in its conjugation. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.
| simple | compound | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | traire | avoir trait | |||||
| gerund | en traiant | gerund of avoir + past participle | |||||
| present participle | traiant | ||||||
| past participle | trait | ||||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | jo | tu | il | nos | vos | il | |
| simple tenses |
present | trai | trais | trait | traions | traiiez, traites | traient |
| imperfect | traioie, traieie | traioies, traieies | traioit, traieit | traiiiens, traiiens | traiiiez, traiiez | traioient, traieient | |
| preterite | trais | traisis | traist | traisimes | traisistes | traistrent | |
| future | trairai | trairas | traira | trairons | trairoiz, traireiz, trairez | trairont | |
| conditional | trairoie, traireie | trairoies, traireies | trairoit, traireit | trairiiens, trairiens | trairiiez, trairiez | trairoient, traireient | |
| compound tenses |
present perfect | present tense of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior | preterite tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que jo | que tu | qu’il | que nos | que vos | qu’il | |
| simple tenses |
present | traie | traies | traie | traiiens, traions | traiiez | traient |
| imperfect | traisisse | traisisses | traisist | traisissons, traisissiens | traisissoiz, traisissez, traisissiez | traisissent | |
| compound tenses |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | tu | – | nos | vos | – | |
| — | trai | — | traions | traiiez | — | ||
Related terms
Descendants
Old Occitan
Etymology
From Early Medieval Latin tragō, from Classical Latin trahō (“I pull”).
Verb
traire
- to pull
Related terms
Descendants
- Occitan: traire
References
- Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002), “trahere”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 13: To–Tyrus, page 177