puraké

Nheengatu

Alternative forms

purakí

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /puraˈke/, [pu.ɾaˈkɛ]
Rhymes: -e
Hyphenation: pu‧ra‧ké

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Tupi puraké, from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *purake. Cognate with Portuguese puraquê.

Noun

puraké (plural puraké-itá)

electric eel (Electrophorus electricus)
Synonym: pixundé

Derived terms

puraké-iwa
puraké-kaá
puraké-maniiwa
puraké-tayá

Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Tupi puraké.

Noun

puraké (plural puraké-itá)

elbow (joint between upper arm and forearm)
Synonym: wakurawá

References

Avila, Marcel Twardowsky (2021), “puraké”, in Proposta de dicionário nheengatu-português [Nheengatu–Portuguese dictionary proposal] (in Portuguese), São Paulo: USP, →DOI, page 638

Old Tupi

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [pu.ɾaˈkɛ]
Rhymes: -ɛ
Hyphenation: pu‧ra‧ké

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *purake.

Compare Paraguayan Guaraní porake.

Alternative forms

poraké, purá

Noun

puraké (unpossessable)

(North Tupi, hapax legomenon) electric eel (Electrophorus electricus)
- [c. 1631, Christovão de Lisboa, Historia dos animaes e arvores do Maranhão [History of Maranhão's animals and trees]‎^[1] (in Portuguese), Lisbon, page 172v:
  poraque / he peixe de cimquo e ceis palmos de comprido e he da cor de moreia e por dezer a uerdade he peixe muito desguostozo e xeio de pequenas espinhas e he muito fiaremto mas ele tem esta uertude quem o quizer matar de algũo pau ou espada fas cair hõu ornem e lhe fas cair o pau da mon e o fas estremecer todo o corpo e o camgue e fiqua hũ bom padaco de tempo com isto e ha algumis que o comem e ha muitos nesta tera
  “puraké” is a five or six-span long fish and of the same color of the eel and, truth be told, very distasteful and full of small fishbones and is very [?], but it has this virtue: one who wants to kill it with some club or sword, it takes the man down and makes him drop the club, making his whole body and blood tremble, and he stays with this for a long time. There are some that eat it and there are many on this land.]
chola guitarfish (Pseudobatos percellens)^[1]
- [p. 1583, Fernão Cardim, “Dos peixes peçonhentos”, in Do clima e terra do Brasil (in Portuguese); republished in Rodolfo Garcia, editor, Tratados da terra e gente do Brasil, Rio de Janeiro: J. Leite & Cia, 1925, page 88:
  Purá. — Este peixe se parece com arraya: tem tal virtude que quem quer que o toca logo fica tremendo, e tocando-lhe com algum pao, ou com outra qualquer cousa, logo adormece o que lhe põem, e emquanto lhe tem o pao posto em cima fica o braço com que toma o pao adormecido, e adormentado. Tomão-se com redes de pé, e se se tomão com redes de mão todo o corpo faz tremer, e pasmar com a dor, mas morto come-se, e não tem peçonha.
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)]
- [1648, Georg Marcgrave, Willem Piso, Historia Naturalis Brasiliae [Brazilian Natural History], Rerum Naturalium Historiae, book IV, chapter VI (in Latin), Amsterdam: Elzevir, page 151:
  PUraqve Braſilienſibus, Piexe viola Luſitanis […]
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)]

Usage notes

Both Navarro and Papavero & Teixeira identify the puraké as an electric eel based solely on the Portuguese descendant,^[2]^[3] although most of the contemporary sources describe a fish similar to a skate. Lisboa (c. 1631) ambiguously depicts an “eel-colored”, six-span long fish, but the folio with its illustration is missing.

Descendants

Nheengatu: puraké, purakí
→ Brazilian Portuguese: puraquê, poraquê, poroquê

Etymology 2

Noun

puraké (possessable)

elbow (joint between upper arm and forearm)^[4]^[5]
Synonym: endybangã

Usage notes

Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica states that puraké was only used in the Captaincy of São Vicente, current São Paulo state.^[4] The inherited term in Northern Brazil's Nheengatu, however, shows that the word was known in a wider area.^[6]

Descendants

Nheengatu: puraké, purakí

Etymology 3

Adjective

puraké (noun form puraké)

deceptive
Coordinate term: nhe'engyrygûan
- 1622, anonymous author, “Refalçado ser nas palauras”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 2 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 99; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:
  Xenheengpuraquê.
  [Xe nhe'ẽpuraké.]
  My deceptive words.

Declension

Declension of puraké (oral vowel ending) (See Appendix:Old Tupi adjectives)

Note: not all forms are attested. Most of the table is reconstructed based on known patterns.

Deadjectivals
Causative	momuraké
-ba'e	i purakeba'e
-sab(a)	purakeaba / purakesaba
	Singular		Singular & Plural	Plural
	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person exclusive	1^st person inclusive	2^nd person
Adjectival forms
Active
Indicative	xe puraké	nde puraké	i puraké	oré puraké	îandé puraké	pe puraké
Imperative		nde puraké				pe puraké
Permissive	ta xe puraké	ta nde puraké	t'i puraké	t'oré puraké	t'îandé puraké	ta pe puraké
Negative indicative	na xe purakéî	na nde purakéî	n'i purakéî	n'oré purakéî	n'îandé purakéî	na pe purakéî
Negative imperative		nde puraké umẽ				pe puraké umẽ
Negative permissive	ta xe puraké umẽ	ta nde puraké umẽ	t'i puraké umẽ	t'oré puraké umẽ	t'îandé puraké umẽ	ta pe puraké umẽ
Gerund
Affirmative	xe purakéramo	nde purakéramo	o purakéramo	oré purakéramo	îandé purakéramo	pe purakéramo
Negative	xe purakee'ymamo	nde purakee'ymamo	o purakee'ymamo	oré purakee'ymamo	îandé purakee'ymamo	pe purakee'ymamo
Nominal forms
Infinitive
Affirmative	puraké
Negative	purakee'yma
Circumstantial
Affirmative	same as gerund¹
Affirmative	xe purakéû²		i purakéû²	oré purakéû²	îandé purakéû²
Negative	same as gerund¹
Negative	xe purakee'ymi²		i purakee'ymi²	oré purakee'ymi²	îandé purakee'ymi²
¹South Tupi ²North Tupi

References

^ Fernão Cardim (p. 1583), “A Treatiſe of Braſil, written by a Portugall which had long lived there”, in Samuel Purchas, transl., Francis Cooke, compiler, Pvrchas his Pilgrimes, part IV, book VII, chapter I § VI (overall work in English), London: H. Fetherston, published 1625, page 1314: “Puraque [Puraké]”
^ Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida (2013), “puraké”, in Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil [Dictionary of Old Tupi: The Classical Indigenous Language of Brazil] (overall work in Portuguese), São Paulo: Global, →ISBN, page 411, column 2
^ Papavero, Nelson; Teixeira, Dante Martins (2014), Zoonímia tupi nos escritos quinhentistas europeus [Tupi zoonymy in the 16th-century European writings] (Arquivos NEHiLP; 3) (in Portuguese), São Paulo: FFLCH-USP, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 277, line 248
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 anonymous author (1622), “Cotouelo”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica (overall work in Portuguese), Piratininga; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, volume 1, São Paulo: USP, 1953, page 84: “Puraquê [Puraké]”
^ Pero de Castilho (1613), “cotouello”, in Nomes das partes do corpo humano, pella lingua do Braſil [Names of the human body parts by the language of Brazil] (in Old Tupi), volume 1; republished as Plínio Ayrosa, editor, São Paulo: Revista dos Tribunais, 1937, page 37, line 177: “Puraq [Purak[é]]”
^ Avila, Marcel Twardowsky (2021), “puraké²”, in Proposta de dicionário nheengatu-português [Nheengatu–Portuguese dictionary proposal] (in Portuguese), São Paulo: USP, →DOI, page 638

[1] Fernão Cardim (p. 1583), “A Treatiſe of Braſil, written by a Portugall which had long lived there”, in Samuel Purchas, transl., Francis Cooke, compiler, Pvrchas his Pilgrimes, part IV, book VII, chapter I § VI (overall work in English), London: H. Fetherston, published 1625, page 1314: “Puraque [Puraké]”

[2] Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida (2013), “puraké”, in Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil [Dictionary of Old Tupi: The Classical Indigenous Language of Brazil] (overall work in Portuguese), São Paulo: Global, →ISBN, page 411, column 2

[3] Papavero, Nelson; Teixeira, Dante Martins (2014), Zoonímia tupi nos escritos quinhentistas europeus [Tupi zoonymy in the 16th-century European writings] (Arquivos NEHiLP; 3) (in Portuguese), São Paulo: FFLCH-USP, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 277, line 248

[vlb-4] 4.0 ^4.1 anonymous author (1622), “Cotouelo”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica (overall work in Portuguese), Piratininga; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, volume 1, São Paulo: USP, 1953, page 84: “Puraquê [Puraké]”

[5] Pero de Castilho (1613), “cotouello”, in Nomes das partes do corpo humano, pella lingua do Braſil [Names of the human body parts by the language of Brazil] (in Old Tupi), volume 1; republished as Plínio Ayrosa, editor, São Paulo: Revista dos Tribunais, 1937, page 37, line 177: “Puraq [Purak[é]]”

[6] Avila, Marcel Twardowsky (2021), “puraké²”, in Proposta de dicionário nheengatu-português [Nheengatu–Portuguese dictionary proposal] (in Portuguese), São Paulo: USP, →DOI, page 638

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