Reconstruction:Proto-Yeniseian/xur

This Proto-Yeniseian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Yeniseian

Alternative reconstructions

  • *ˀuλ, *ˀkʰuλ, *ˀuλes, *ˀkʰuλes (per Werner 2002)
  • *xur, *xur-ʔes (“rain”), *xura (“wet”) (per Starostin 1994-2005)
  • *Huλes (“rain”), *Huλ(ʌ), *kuλʌ, *uλʌ (“wet”) (per Vajda-Werner 2022)
  • *xʷur, *xujr (per Fortescue-Vajda 2022)
  • *u̯uλ (per Cologne group 2023. Pattern: ?)

Etymology

Most likely related to or actually the same word for Proto-Yeniseian *xuɬ (“water”).

Compared to Proto-Athabaskan *šʊx̣, *šʊɣ̇ (“rain, moisture, drizzle, frost”)[1], Navajo sho (“frost”), Eyak šəχ (“frost”) and Tlingit séew, sóow (“rain”).[2]

Instead of assuming two different roots for 'water' and 'rain, wet', Vajda-Werner (2022) chalks up the different coda values seen in the reflexes to a compound, *xuɬ-wes, literally, “water-sky”, but this explanation fails to explain the coda -r seen in Yugh and Kottic branches.

Noun

*xur (no plural)

  1. (meteorology) rain, moisture; wet or damp air

Descendants

  • Ketic:
    • Imbak Ket: úlhej (“wet”) (M., Kl., W., VW.)
      • ⇒ Ket: ульту (úlʲtu), ультусь (úlʲtusʲ, “wet”)[3][4]
    • Ostyak Yug: uulém (M.)
      • Yug: ул (ūˑl, “wet”)
  • Kottic:
    • Assan: ur (M., Kl., W., VW.), ür (“rain”) (Kl.)
    • ⇒ Assan: urá (M., Kl., W., VW.), urtu (“wet, moist”) (Kl.)
    • Kott: ur (M., Kl., W., VW.), ûr (singular), ûraŋ (“rain”) (C.; plural)
    • ⇒ Kott: urá (M., Kl., W., VW.), ûra (“wet, rainy”) (C.)
      • ⇒ Kott: uran (H.), urán, urân (“dew”) (C.)
  • Arinic:
    • Arin: kur (“wet, rain”) (M., Kl.)
      • ⇒ Arin: kuraasa (“It is raining.”) (H.)[5]
      • ⇒ Arin: kur'aba (“It is wet.”) (H.)
      • ⇒ Arin: kurlo (“dew”) (H.)
    • → Proto-Mongolic: *kura (“rain”)[6]
  • Pumpokolic:
    • ⇒ Pumpokol: úrga (M., Kl., W., VW.)
  • ⇒ Proto-Yeniseian: *xur-wes (“rain”, literally “rain-sky”)
    • Ketic:
      • Imbak Ket: uːlette (Kl.; Eed-Šeš dialect)
      • Imbak Ket: úlles (M., W., Kl.), ulles (VW.), ules' (Ad.)
        • Ket: улесь (úlʲɛsʲ) (singular), улетаӈ (úlʲɛtaŋ) (plural)[7][8]
      • Ostyak Yug: úres (M.), ures (Kl.)
        • Yug: урэс (úrɛs)
    • Pumpokolic:
      • Pumpokol: ur-áit (M., W., VW., Kl.)

See also

  • Proto-Yeniseian entry guidelines § Bibliography

References

  1. ^ Leer, Jeff (1996), Comparative Athabaskan Lexicon‎[1], volume shi-shu, Alaska Native Language Archive, pages 99-100
  2. ^ Twitchell, X̱ʼunei Lance (2020), Tlingit Online Dictionary, Juneau, Alaska: Independently published, supported by Goldbelt Heritage Foundation and the University of Alaska Southeast, →ISBN, page 316
  3. ^ Werner, Heinrich (2002), Словарь кетско-русский и русско-кетский: Учебное пособие для учащихся начальной школы‎[2], 2 edition, Saint-Petersburg: Drofa, →ISBN, page 97
  4. ^ Kotorova, Elizaveta; Nefedov, Andrey (2015), Большой словарь кетского языка, volume 1, Münich: LINCOM, →ISBN, pages 411-412
  5. ^ Hill, Eugen; Fries, Simon; Korobzow, Natalie; Günther, Laura; Svenja, Bonmann (2024), “fn. i.”, in “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part II: Word-Final Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[3], number 6, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 254 of 216-293
  6. ^ Bonmann, Svenja; Fries, Simon (2025), “Linguistic Evidence Suggests That Xiōng-nú and Huns Spoke the Same Paleo-Siberian Language”, in Transactions of the Philological Society‎[4], volume 0, →DOI, page 9, 11 of 1-24
  7. ^ Werner, Heinrich (2002), Словарь кетско-русский и русско-кетский: Учебное пособие для учащихся начальной школы‎[5], 2 edition, Saint-Petersburg: Drofa, →ISBN, page 97
  8. ^ Kotorova, Elizaveta; Nefedov, Andrey (2015), Большой словарь кетского языка, volume 1, Münich: LINCOM, →ISBN, page 408

Further reading

  • Fries, Simon; Bonmann, Svenja (2023), “The development of Arin kul 'water', Kott ûl, Ket ¹uˑl' Yugh ¹ur and its typological background”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics, volume 5, number 2, page 184 of 183-198
  • Fortescue, Michael; Vajda, Edward (2022), “91) ~*xʷur”, in Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎[6], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 370
  • Vajda, Edward; Werner, Heinrich (2022), “*Huλ(ʌ) (2), *Huλes”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), volume 1, Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, pages 322-323
  • Vajda, Edward (2024), “*xur”, in The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎[7], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 421
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002), “úlês'”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, volume 2, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 338
  • Werner, Heinrich (2005), “rain, wet”, in Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, pages 315, 333
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