Reconstruction:Proto-Yeniseian/xuɬ

This Proto-Yeniseian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Yeniseian

Alternative reconstruction

  • *(k)uλ, *(k)uλə (per Werner 2002)
  • *xur₁ (per Starostin 1994-2005)[1]
  • *ūr₁ (for Proto-Yeniseian), *u̯ū̆r, *gʷū̆r (for Old Arin, per Fuente 2006)[2]
  • *Huλ (per Khabtagaeva 2019)
  • *Huλ(ʌ), *kuλ(ʌ), *xura, *ūˑλ (per Vajda-Werner 2022)
  • *u̯ur₂ (for Proto-Yeniseian), *kul (for Old Arin, per Cologne group. Pattern: ?-l.3)

Etymology

Most likely related to or actually the same word for Proto-Yeniseian *xur (“rain, moisture”). See there for potential cognates in Na-Dené languages.

The possibility of Arin kul (“water”) being a Turkic loanword, as proposed by Bouda, on Yeniseian languages based on both phonological and semantical similarities,[3][4] is rejected by Khabtagaeva (2019), citing a personal communication with Vajda (2014), due to the apparent nativity of the word which leads her to deem proposal a coincidence or a false etymology.[5]

Noun

*xuɬ (no plural)

  1. (hydrology) water
Derived terms
  • *xuɬdejxʷ (“lake”, literally “water-shoal”)
  • *-xuɬgex (“to wash”, literally “water-bend”)
  • *xuɬVŋʷ (“smooth, level”)
  • *xuɬše (“beaver”, literally “water-animal”)

Descendants

  • Ketic:
    • Imbak Ket: uːl (Mes.; Eed-Šeš dialect)
    • Imbak Ket: ul (M., W., Kl., VW., F.), ul' (Ad.)
    • Ostyak Yug: ur (M.)
  • Kottic:
    • Assan: ul (M., W., Kl., VW.)
    • Kott: ul (H., M., W., Kl., VW.), ûl (C.)
  • Arinic:
    • Arin: kul (H., M., W., Kl., VW.), kuːl (Str.)
      • ⇒ Arin: šilkul (H.), šilkulb'at'a (“spring water, brook”) (H.)
      • ⇒ Arin: tenkul (“milk”, literally “female nipple-water”) (H.)
    • →? Proto-Turkic: *kȫl (“lake”)[6]
  • Pumpokolic:
    • Pumpokol: ul (M., W., VW., Kl.)

See also

  • Proto-Yeniseian entry guidelines § Bibliography

References

  1. ^ https://starlingdb.org/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=%2fDATA%2fYENISEY%2fYENET&text_number=776&root=config
  2. ^ de la Fuente, José Andrés Alonso (2006), “Proto-Yeniseian ūr₁'water'”, in Central Asiatic Journal‎[1], volume 50, number 1, Harrassowitz Verlag, pages 3-7
  3. ^ Bouda, Karl (1957), “Die Sprache der Jenissejer Genealogische und morphologische Untersuchungen”, in Anthropos, volume 52, number 1/2, pages 65-134
  4. ^ Bouda, Karl (1974), “Die Sprache der jenissejer: VI.”, in Orbis, volume 23, 1. Louvain, pages 321-328
  5. ^ Khabtagaeva, Bayarma (2019), Language Contact in Siberia: Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic Loanwords in Yeniseian (The languages of Asia series; 19)‎[2], Brill, →ISBN, page 364
  6. ^ Bonmann, Svenja; Fries, Simon (2025), “Linguistic Evidence Suggests That Xiōng-nú and Huns Spoke the Same Paleo-Siberian Language”, in Transactions of the Philological Society‎[3], volume 0, →DOI, page 9 of 1-24

Further reading

  • Hill, Eugen; Fries, Simon; Korobzow, Natalie; Günther, Laura; Svenja, Bonmann (2024), “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part II: Word-Final Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[4], number 6, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 265 of 216-293
  • Fortescue, Michael; Vajda, Edward (2022), Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 254, 257
  • Vajda, Edward; Werner, Heinrich (2022), “*Huλ(ʌ)”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), volume 1, Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 322
  • Vajda, Edward; Werner, Heinrich (2022), “*ūˑλ”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), volume 2, Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 979
  • Vajda, Edward (2024), “*xuɬ”, in The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎[6], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, pages 391, 404
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002), “1uˑl' (I)”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, volume 2, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 378
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