Reconstruction:Proto-Yeniseian/-kaɬ

This Proto-Yeniseian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Yeniseian

Alternative reconstructions

  • *-kʰaʔəλ (per Werner 2002)
  • *kār₁e (“war”) (per Starostin 1994-2005)[1]
  • *-kʰaˀʌλʌ (per Vajda-Werner 2022)
  • *-xar₂ (per Cologne group 2023 & 2024. Pattern: k.1-l.3)[2]

Etymology

Perhaps comparable to Tlingit xʼáan (“anger, war”).[3] Tlingit coda -n regularly corresponds to Yeniseian, Eyak and Athabaskan coda -ɬ, as can be seen with the correspondence Proto-Yeniseian *çaj-ɬ (“overnight stay”), Eyak seːɬ (“evening”) and Tlingit xáanaa (“evening”).

Verb

*-kaɬ (action nominal *kaɬ-Vŋʷ)

  1. (transitive, ditransitive, intransitive) to war, to fight

Descendants

  • Kottic:
    • Kott: hal-âk-ŋ (“I wage war.”) (C.)
  • ⇒ Proto-Yeniseian: *kaɬVŋʷ (“war, quarrel”)
    • Ketic:
      • Imbak Ket: kal (Ad.)
        • Ket: каль (kàlʲ) (Southern dialects), калэ (kàlɛ) (Central and Northern dialects)[4]
      • Yug: каʼар (kaˀːr)
    • Kottic:
      • Kott: hali (C.)
        • ⇒ Kott: halihit (“warrior”) (C.)
    • Arinic:
      • Arin: kel (“army”) (H.)
      • ⇒ Arin: kel-ba-xa-l'a (“I wage war.”) (H.)
      • >? Jie: 秀支 (*sjuwH.tsye /⁠*śu-ke⁠/, “army”)[5][6]
  • ⇒ Proto-Yeniseian: *kaɬ-wes (“A manifestation of the paternalistic sky god, Es; God of War”)[7]
    • Ketic:
      • Ket: калэс (kalɛ́s, “Damn!, Fuck!”)
    • Kottic:
      • ⇒ Kott: hal'etniš, hal'etniše, hal'etniši (“forest spirit”) (C.)

See also

  • Proto-Yeniseian entry guidelines § Bibliography

References

  1. ^ https://starlingdb.org/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=%2fDATA%2fYENISEY%2fYENET&text_number=375&root=config
  2. ^ Hill, Eugen; Fries, Simon; Korobzow, Natalie; Günther, Laura; Svenja, Bonmann (2024), “Coda-l.3”, in “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part II: Word-Final Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[1], number 6, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 279 of 216-293
  3. ^ Twitchell, X̱ʼunei Lance (2020), Tlingit Online Dictionary, Juneau, Alaska: Independently published, supported by Goldbelt Heritage Foundation and the University of Alaska Southeast, →ISBN, page 240
  4. ^ Kotorova, Elizaveta; Nefedov, Andrey (2015), Большой словарь кетского языка, Münich: LINCOM, →ISBN, page 224
  5. ^ Vovin, Alexander; Vajda, Edward; de la Vaissière, Étienne (2016), “Who Were the *Kjet (羯) and What Language Did They Speak?”, in Journal Asiatique‎[2], volume 304, number 1, →DOI, page 137
  6. ^ Bonmann, Svenja; Fries, Simon (2025), “Linguistic Evidence Suggests That Xiōng-nú and Huns Spoke the Same Paleo-Siberian Language”, in Transactions of the Philological Society‎[3], volume 0, →DOI, page 13 of 1-24
  7. ^ Vajda, Edward; Werner, Heinrich (2022), “*Kʰaλes”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 461

Further reading

  • Bonmann, Svenja; Fries, Simon; Korobzow, Natalie; Günther, Laura; Hill, Eugen (2023), “'war'”, in “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part I: Word-Initial Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[4], number 5, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 55 of 39-82
  • Fortescue, Michael; Vajda, Edward (2022), “PY *ɬ (Table 2.3:4.3)”, in Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 257
  • Vajda, Edward; Werner, Heinrich (2022), “*kʰaˀʌλʌ”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), volume 1, Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, pages 461-462
  • Vajda, Edward (2024), “*kaɬ-Vŋʷ”, in The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎[6], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 421
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002), “⁴kal'”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, volume 1, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 406
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