Reconstruction:Proto-Yeniseian/ɢojq

This Proto-Yeniseian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
This Proto-Yeniseian entry contains original research. The reconstruction in this entry is based on published research, but the specific form presented here is not found in prior works.

Proto-Yeniseian

Alternative reconstructions

  • *qəqəλ, *əqəλ (per Werner 2002)
  • *qVqVr (per Starostin 1994-2005)[1]
  • *qoj, *qəj, *qəl (per Khabtagaeva 2019)[2]
  • *qʌɢ, *qʌɢaλ, *aɢaλ (per Vajda-Werner 2022)
  • *qʰ?ar₁ (per Cologne group 2024. Pattern: q.1?-l.2)

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

A root that is confused quite a great deal, partly because of the compound *ɢojq-owɬ and its reduced form, *(oj)qowɬ, which is motivated by the tendency of Proto-Yeniseian roots monosyllabicizing complex compounds, and partly because the bare stem did not survive in any language, except Arin. Compare *ɢejVŋʷɬaw (“thumb; five, 5”) for another example of such erosion in descendant forms.

Cologne group (2024) indirectly posit the reconstruction **qʰar₁ ("a kind of liquid") instead, based on the final elements of Yug χʌ-χul, Kott o-gár and Pumpokol leóxo-xar, and etymologize the rest of the words in a variety of ways, see there for an in-depth discussion of their rationale. Here, however, the compound below is chosen over the reconstructable **qʰar₁, following Vajda-Werner (2022).

Note also the common semantic derivation of bilious → angry, as noted by Khabtagaeva (2019), potentially reflecting a variant of the old systems of belief that bodily fluids influenced human psychology.

Noun

*ɢojq (plural *ɢojqVŋ)

  1. (anatomy) bile, gall
Derived terms

Descendants

  • Ketic:
    • ⇒ Ket: ӄъйбесь (qʌ́jbɛsʲ, “angry”)[3]
    • ⇒ Yug: хъйбес (χʌjbɛs, “mad”)
  • Kottic:
    • ⇒ Kott: haipičaŋ (“furious, evil”) (C.)
  • Arinic:
    • >? Arin: kut (H.)
  • Pumpokolic:
    • >? Pumpokol: cha-úl (“brandy”, literally “bitter-water”) (M.; translates Latin vinum adustum)
  • Proto-Yeniseian: *ɢojq-owɬ (“gall bladder; bile, gall”, literally “bile-covering”) (Monosyllabic stem: *qowɬ)
    • Ketic:
      • Ket: ӄъъль (qʌ́ʌ̀l, qʌ̂ːl, “bile, gall; gall bladder”)[4]
        • ⇒ Ket: ӄълыӈ (qʌlɨŋ, “bitter”)
      • Ostyak Yug: xâɢal (C., JO.)
        • Yug: хъхул (χʌχul), хъхыл (χʌχɨl), хъхл (χʌχl)
          • ⇒ Yug: хахыляӈ (χʌχɨlʲaŋ, “bitter”)
    • Kottic:
      • Kott: ogár (C.), akar (H.)
        • ⇒ Kott: imra-akar (“stomach”, literally “little-gall bladder”) (H.)
    • Pumpokolic:
      • ⇒ Pumpokol: leoxóxar (W.), leóchochar (“gall bladder”) (M.)

See also

  • Proto-Yeniseian entry guidelines § Bibliography

References

  1. ^ https://starlingdb.org/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=%2fDATA%2fYENISEY%2fYENET&text_number=584&root=config
  2. ^ Khabtagaeva, Bayarma (2019), Language Contact in Siberia: Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic Loanwords in Yeniseian (The languages of Asia series; 19)‎[1], Brill, →ISBN, pages 335, 359-360
  3. ^ Kotorova, Elizaveta; Nefedov, Andrey (2015), Большой словарь кетского языка, Münich: LINCOM, →ISBN, page 326
  4. ^ Kotorova, Elizaveta; Nefedov, Andrey (2015), Большой словарь кетского языка, Münich: LINCOM, →ISBN, page 327

Further reading

  • Hill, Eugen; Fries, Simon; Korobzow, Natalie; Günther, Laura; Svenja, Bonmann (2024), “'bile'b”, in “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part II: Word-Final Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[2], number 6, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 262-263 of 216-293
  • Vajda, Edward; Werner, Heinrich (2022), “*qʌjbes”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), volume 2, Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 737
  • Vajda, Edward; Werner, Heinrich (2022), “*qʌɢaλ/*ʌɢaλ”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), volume 2, Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 743
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002), “3qʌːl' (II)”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, volume 2, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, pages 148-149
  • Werner, Heinrich (2005), “Galle”, in Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 240
  • Werner, Heinrich (2005), “bladder”, in Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 285
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