Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/u

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Particle

*u[1][2]

  1. a distal deictic particle: there

Usage notes

Contrasts with the 'hic-et-nunc' particle *i, seen in the present endings *-mi, *-si, *-ti and *-nti.

Derived terms

  • *-t-u (3sg.imp.act. ending)
    • Proto-Anatolian: *-tu[3]
      • Hittite: [script needed] (-ttu, 3sg.imp.act. ending of the mi-conjugation)
      • Luwian:
        Anatolian hieroglyphic script: [Anatolian hieroglyphic needed] (-tu)
        Cuneiform script: [script needed] (-ddu / -du)
      • Lycian: -𐊗𐊒 (-tu)
      • Palaic: [script needed] (-du)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tu
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Proto-Iranian:
        • Old Avestan: -𐬙𐬏 (-tū)
  • *-ént-u ~ *-nt-u (3pl.imp.act. ending)
    • Proto-Anatolian: *-Vntu[4]
      • Hittite: [script needed] (-antu, 3pl.imp.act. ending)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ntu
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
        • Sanskrit: -न्तु (-ntu)
      • Proto-Iranian:
        • Old Avestan: -𐬧𐬙𐬏 (-ṇtū)
  • ? *u-tero-s[1]
Unsorted formations

Descendants

  • Proto-Anatolian:
    • Hittite: [script needed] (-u, 3sg.imp.act. ending of the ḫi-conjugation)[6]
  • >? Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: उ (u) (if sometimes to be translated "there";[1] Catt is skeptical[7])

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Dunkel, George E. (2014), “*u 'dort'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 817-822
  2. ^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 32: “a parallel particle *-u”
  3. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “-ttu”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 884
  4. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “-antu”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 188
  5. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*vъtorъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 532
  6. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “-u”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 910
  7. ^ Catt, Adam Alvah (2014) Studies in Indo-Iranian Historical Linguistics (Thesis)‎[2], Kyoto University, page 81
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