Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/tengʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

  • Extension of *ten- (“to stretch; to extend”).[1]

    Root

    *tengʰ-[2]

    1. to pull (back)[2]
    2. to be heavy, difficult[3]

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *tengʰ- (6 c, 0 e)
    • *téngʰ-t ~ tn̥gʰ-ént (root aorist)[2]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tengtei ~ *tingtei
        • Proto-Slavic: *tęťi pf (“to pull”)[4] (see there for further descendants)
          • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tędzati impf (“to pull, to extract”)[5] (see there for further descendants)
          • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tęgnǫti (“to pull”)[6] (see there for further descendants)
          • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tęgъ, *tęga (“traction, weight”) (see there for further descendants)
          • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tǫgъ (“hard, strong”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *tḗngʰ-ti ~ téngʰ-n̥ti (Narten-type root athematic present)[2]
      • Proto-Tocharian: *täṅk- (“to check, stop, hinder”)[7]
    • *tongʰ-éye-ti (éye-causative)[2]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tangīˀtei
        • Proto-Slavic: *tǫžiti (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tʰanǰʰáyati[8]
        • Proto-Iranian: *θanǰáyati (“to pull; to weigh (down)”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *tn̥gʰ-eh₁(yé)-ti (eh₁-stative)
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tingēˀtei
        • Lithuanian: tingė́ti (“to be lazy”)[6]
        • Proto-Slavic: *tęžati (see there for further descendants)
          • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tęžava (“weight”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *tn̥gʰ-sḱé-ti (*sḱe-fientive)[9]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • *tn̥gʰ-yé-ti (yé-present)[2][9]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ting(je)tei
        • Proto-Slavic:
          • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tęžestь (“weight”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Germanic: *þungijaną (“to weigh down, make heavy”)[9]
        • Old Norse: þyngja (see there for further descendants)
    • *tengʰ-sleh₂
      • Proto-Germanic: *þinhslō (see there for further descendants)
    • *téngʰ-u-s ~ *tn̥gʰ-éw-s (“heavy”)[9]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tingús[10]
        • Lithuanian: tingùs
        • Proto-Slavic: *tęžьkъ[10] (with irregular *-ž- spread from the comparative *tęžьjь) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Germanic: *þunguz[9]
        • Old Norse: þungr (see there for further descendants)

    References

    1. ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007), Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 392
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*tʰengʰ-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 657
    3. ^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006), “*tengh-”, in The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 345
    4. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*tęgti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 493
    5. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*tędzati; *tęgati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 493
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Derksen, Rick (2015), “*tingėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 466
    7. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “*täṅk-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 306
    8. ^ Kümmel (2016) "Einführung ins Ostmitteliranische"
    9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*þungu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 551
    10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Derksen, Rick (2015), “*tingus”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 466-467
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