Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/tekʷ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

  • Alternative reconstructions

    Reconstruction

    The reconstruction of the root-final stop faces some contention with most older sources preferring the labiovelar *kʷ,[1][2] while other sources question[3][4] or outright reject the labiovelar[5][6] in favor of the plain velar *k.

    The evidence in favor of the labiovelar consists primarily of the Hittite 𒉿𒀜𒆪𒍖𒍣 (wa-at-ku-uz-zi /⁠watkuzi⁠/, “to jump (out of), to flee”), which must come from an athematic stem ending in *kʷ and which may come from a univerbation of *wé-tkʷ-ti. Kloekhorst mentions, however, that this could also be a root *wetkʷ- comparable to stems such as *h₂edʰǵʰ- or *tetḱ-.[7]

    Also, there is the proposal that Proto-Germanic *þewaz (“servant”) came from earlier *þehwaz from *tekʷós. While Kroonen prefers the Germanic-only root [Term?],[4] the EIEC ascribe this and other such forms as *-w- extensions of the root.[5] If the Sanskrit तकु (táku, “running along”) represents a *-u- stem adjective *tékʷ-u-s ~ *tkʷ-éw-s, this could explain the appearance of this extension.

    In favor of the plain velar is the Tocharian B cake (“river”) from Proto-Tocharian *cäke, which Adams derived from *ték-es- or *ték-ont- meaning “that which flows.”[6]

    Ambiguously, the general absence of Proto-Brythonic *-b- in the descendants of Proto-Celtic *tek(ʷ)eti (Middle Breton techet, Cornish têgh, Middle Welsh techu) points to the velar being plain. Matasović, however, gives the explanation that the Brythonic *-x- was derived from the Celtic *-s- subjunctive: *tekʷs- > Brythonic *tex-, and that the labiovelar does surface in the form Old Welsh ny-debit (imperfect impersonal relative) found in Aneirin.[8]

    Root

    *tekʷ- (imperfective)[1][2][9][7]

    1. to run, to flow

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *tekʷ- (19 c, 0 e)
    • *tékʷ-ti ~ *tkʷ-énti (athematic root verb) or *tékʷ-e-ti (thematic root verb)[8][10][11][12][3]
      • Proto-Albanian: *en-teka
      • (perhaps) Anatolian:
        • Hittite: 𒉿𒀜𒆪𒍖𒍣 (wa-at-ku-uz-zi /⁠watkuzi⁠/) (< *wé-tkʷ-ti)
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tektei
      • Proto-Celtic: *tekʷeti (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tákti, *táčati
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tákti
        • Proto-Iranian: *táxti, *táčati
          • Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬑𐬱𐬈 (taxše, “to walk”, 2sg.pres.mid.), 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (fratacaiti), 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬗𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (frataciṇti)
          • Khwarezmian: [script needed] (mndxs-)
          • Parthian: 𐫤𐫝𐫏𐫅 (tcyd)
          • Middle Persian: [script needed] (tcyt /⁠tazēd⁠/)
            • Persian: تاختن (tâxtan, “to attack, to run”)
          • Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾntxst)
    • *tokʷ-éye-ti (causative)
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Proto-Slavic: *točiti (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tāčáyati
        • Proto-Iranian: *tāčáyati
          • Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬁𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (tācaiieiṇti)
          • Middle Persian: [script needed] (tʾcynd /⁠tāzēnd⁠/)
          • Parthian: 𐫤𐫀𐫝𐫏𐫗𐫅 (tʾcynd)
    • *tékʷ-onts[6]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • Proto-Iranian:
          • Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬗𐬌𐬧𐬙 (taciṇt)
          • Middle Persian: 𐫎𐫉𐫀𐫗 (ṯzʾn) (Manichaean)
      • (perhaps) Tocharian: *cäke
    • *tékʷ-o-s[13][14]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tekas
        • Latvian: tęks
        • Proto-Slavic: *tekъ (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Celtic: *tekʷos
        • ⇒ Old Irish: intech (“road”)
    • *tekʷ-ó-s
      • >? Proto-Germanic: *þewaz (< *þegwaz or *þehwaz)[1] (see there for further descendants)
    • *tékʷ-u-s ~ *tkʷ-éw-s
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tákuš
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tákuṣ
    • *tkʷ-tó-s
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *taktás
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *taktás
          • Sanskrit: तक्त (taktá)
        • Proto-Iranian: *taxtáh
          • Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬁𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬝𐬐𐬎𐬱 (tācait̰kuš)
          • Middle Persian: [script needed] (tcyt /⁠tazīd⁠/)
    • *tokʷ-o-s[15][16]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *takas
        • Latvian: taka
        • Lithuanian: tãkas
        • Proto-Slavic: *tȏkъ (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *takas
        • Proto-Iranian: *takah
          • Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬐𐬀 (taka, “course”)

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Pokorny, Julius (1959), “teku̯-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 1059-1060
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*teku̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 620-621
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997), “ndjek”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎[1] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 288
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*þewa-, *þewēn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 541
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*tek-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 491
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “cake”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 267
    7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “u̯atku-ᶻⁱ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 989-990
    8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*tekʷ-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 377
    9. ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*tač¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 272-274
    10. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “tekė́ti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 462
    11. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*tekti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 489
    12. ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998), “ndjek”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 286
    13. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “teks”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 553
    14. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*tekъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 490
    15. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “takas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 457
    16. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*tȏkъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 494-495
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