Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pléh₁yōs

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *pleh₁- (“to fill”) +‎ *-yōs (intensive suffix).

Adjective

*pléh₁yōs^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

full

Inflection

Athematic, acrostatic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*pléh₁yōs	*pléh₁yesih₂
genitive	*pléh₁isos	*pléh₁isyeh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*pléh₁yōs	*pléh₁yosh₁(e)	*pléh₁yoses
vocative	*pléh₁yos	*pléh₁yosh₁(e)	*pléh₁yoses
accusative	*pléh₁yosm̥	*pléh₁yosh₁(e)	*pléh₁yosm̥s
genitive	*pléh₁isos	*?	*pléh₁isoHom
ablative	*pléh₁isos	*?	pléh₁ismos, pléh₁isbʰos
dative	*pléh₁isey	*?	pléh₁ismos, pléh₁isbʰos
locative	pléh₁yes, pléh₁yesi	*?	*pléh₁isu
instrumental	*pléh₁ish₁	*?	pléh₁ismis, pléh₁isbʰis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*pléh₁yesih₂	*pléh₁yesih₂h₁(e)	*pléh₁yesih₂es
vocative	*pléh₁yesih₂	*pléh₁yesih₂h₁(e)	*pléh₁yesih₂es
accusative	*pléh₁yesih₂m̥	*pléh₁yesih₂h₁(e)	*pléh₁yesih₂m̥s
genitive	*pléh₁isyeh₂s	*?	*pléh₁isyeh₂oHom
ablative	*pléh₁isyeh₂s	*?	pléh₁isyeh₂mos, pléh₁isyeh₂bʰos
dative	*pléh₁isyeh₂ey	*?	pléh₁isyeh₂mos, pléh₁isyeh₂bʰos
locative	pléh₁isyeh₂, pléh₁isyeh₂i	*?	*pléh₁isyeh₂su
instrumental	*pléh₁isyeh₂h₁	*?	pléh₁isyeh₂mis, pléh₁isyeh₂bʰis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*pléh₁yos	*pléh₁yosih₁	*pléh₁yōs
vocative	*pléh₁yos	*pléh₁yosih₁	*pléh₁yōs
accusative	*pléh₁yos	*pléh₁yosih₁	*pléh₁yōs
genitive	*pléh₁isos	*?	*pléh₁isoHom
ablative	*pléh₁isos	*?	pléh₁ismos, pléh₁isbʰos
dative	*pléh₁isey	*?	pléh₁ismos, pléh₁isbʰos
locative	pléh₁yes, pléh₁yesi	*?	*pléh₁isu
instrumental	*pléh₁ish₁	*?	pléh₁ismis, pléh₁isbʰis

Derived terms

*pleh₁is-ō^[5]
- Proto-Germanic: *flaizô (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pleíhōn^[6]
  - Ancient Greek: πλείων (pleíōn)
*pleh₁is-t(H)o-s^[1]^[2]^[4]^[6]
- Proto-Germanic: *flaistaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pleístos^[6]
  - Ancient Greek: πλεῖστος (pleîstos)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práHištas^[7]
  - Proto-Iranian: *fráHištah
    - Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬙𐬀 (fraēšta)
*pleh₁is-(t)m̥mo-s^[8]
- Proto-Italic: *pleisəmos
  - Latin: plīsima

Descendants

Proto-Celtic: *ɸlīyos
- Old Irish: lïa
  - Irish: lia
Proto-Hellenic: *pléyōs
- Ancient Greek: πλεῖος (pleîos), πλέος (pléos), πλέως (pléōs)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práHyās^[7]
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - ⇒ Sanskrit: प्रायस् (prāyas, “mostly”, adverb)
- Proto-Iranian: *fráHyāh
  - Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬵 (frāiiah)
  - Khotanese: [script needed] (byehä) (>*frā̌yah)
  - Sogdian: (/⁠fyātar ~ frayātar⁠/) (>*frā̌yah-tara "more")
    Sogdian script: 𐼱𐽀𐼰𐼷𐽁𐽂𐽀 (βrʾyštr /⁠frēštar⁠/) (influenced or borrowed from Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀 (fraēštara, “more”))
    
    Manichaean script: 𐫜𐫏𐫀𐫤𐫡 (fyʾtr), 𐫜𐫡𐫏𐫀𐫤𐫡 (fryʾtr)
    
    Syriac script: ݏܝܐܬܪ (fyʾtr)
  - Gurani: پر (pir /⁠pir⁠/), فەرە (fere /⁠fara⁠/), فرە (fre /⁠fira⁠/), فێرە (fêre /⁠fēra⁠/)
    - → Central Kurdish: فرە (fre /⁠fira⁠/)
    - → Southern Kurdish: فرە (fre /⁠fira⁠/)
  - Zazaki: piru (/⁠pīru⁠/)
  - Old Persian: *frāyah
    - Middle Persian:
      Manichaean script: [Term?] (/⁠frāy⁠/)
      
      Book Pahlavi script: [Term?] (/⁠frāy⁠/), [Term?] (/⁠frēh⁠/)
      - Classical Persian: فره (firih, “more, much”)
Proto-Italic: *plēōs
- Old Latin: pleores (nominative plural)
  - Latin: plūs, plūres (remodelled via an unclear mechanism)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959), “1. pel-, pelo-, plē-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 798: “plḗ-i̯os; plə-is-tó-)”
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Fick, August (1890–1909), “péla : pḷa”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen (in German), 4th edition, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, page 82: “plêyos, plêistho-s”
^ Vine, Brent (2017–2018), “Chapter VIII: Italic”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Italic, page 765: “*pleh₁-i̯os-”
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 van Beek, Lucien (2022), “Chapter 4: reflexes of *r̥ and *l̥ in ‘caland’ formations”, in The Reflexes of Syllabic Liquids in Ancient Greek (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 22)‎^[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 151
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*flaizan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 143
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “πλείων”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1206
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2017–2018), “Chapter VI: Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Iranian, page 521: “PIIr. *pr̥H-u-, *praH-i̯ah-, *praH-išta-, and OAv. superlative pourutəma-”
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “plūs, -ris”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 475-476

[IEW-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959), “1. pel-, pelo-, plē-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 798: “plḗ-i̯os; plə-is-tó-)”

[VWIS-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Fick, August (1890–1909), “péla : pḷa”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen (in German), 4th edition, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, page 82: “plêyos, plêistho-s”

[3] Vine, Brent (2017–2018), “Chapter VIII: Italic”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Italic, page 765: “*pleh₁-i̯os-”

[vanBeek-4] 4.0 ^4.1 van Beek, Lucien (2022), “Chapter 4: reflexes of *r̥ and *l̥ in ‘caland’ formations”, in The Reflexes of Syllabic Liquids in Ancient Greek (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 22)‎^[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 151

[5] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*flaizan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 143

[EDG-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “πλείων”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1206

[HCHIEL_p34-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2017–2018), “Chapter VI: Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Iranian, page 521: “PIIr. *pr̥H-u-, *praH-i̯ah-, *praH-išta-, and OAv. superlative pourutəma-”

[8] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “plūs, -ris”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 475-476

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