Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂erh₃-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

  • Root

    *h₂erh₃-[1][2]

    1. to plough

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂erh₃- (21 c, 0 e)
    • *h₂ér-ye-ti (ye-present)[1]
    • *h₂ḗrh₃-s-t ~ *h₂érh₃-s-n̥t (s-aorist)[2]
      • Proto-Celtic:
      • Proto-Hellenic:
        • Ancient Greek: ἤροσα (ḗrosa)
    • *h₂erh₃-tó-s[3]
      • Proto-Hellenic:
        • Ancient Greek: ἀροτός (arotós, “ploughable”)
          • ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἄροτος (árotos, “ploughing, (ploughed) land”)
      • Proto-Italic:
    • *h₂érh₃-tro-m (“ard, plough”)
    • *h₂érh₃-wr̥ ~ *h₂r̥h₃-wén-s[3]
      • Proto-Celtic: *arwar ~ *arwens (“grain”)[4] (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ *h₂erh₃-wr̥-ih₂
        • Proto-Hellenic: *ároura
      • ⇒ *h₂r̥h₃-wér-eh₂
        • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥HwáraH
          • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥HwáraH
          • Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥HwáraH
            • Younger Avestan: 𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬁 (uruuarā)
    • *h₂erh₃-wós (“arable”)
      • >? Proto-Celtic: *arwī (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Italic: *arawos
    • (uncertain) *h₂r̥h₃-eh₂ (“fertile soil”)
      • Proto-Albanian: *arwa
    Unsorted formations
    • (possibly) Indo-Iranian: *áryas (“Aryan”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Latgalian: aramaite (“ploughed field, arable land”)
    • Old Armenian: հարաւունք (harawunkʻ) < *h₂erh₃-won-
    • (possibly) Old Armenian: արաւս (araws)

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 272-3
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “h₂erh₃-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 322-8
    4. ^ Zair, Nicholas (2012), The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 205

    Further reading

    • Wikander, Ola (2008), Ett träd med vida grenar: de indoeuropeiska språkens historia (in Swedish), Stockholm: Prisma, →ISBN
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