Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂eǵ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

  • Etymology 1

  • Root

    *h₂eǵ- (imperfective)[1][2][3]

    1. to drive
    Derived terms
    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂eǵ- (61 c, 0 e)
    • *h₂éǵ-e-ti (thematic root present)
    • *h₂i-h₂ǵ-é-ti (reduplicated thematic present)[1]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
          • Sanskrit: ईजते (ī́jate, “to drive”)
    • *h₂eǵ-dʰlo-[4]
      • Proto-Italic: *agdlom?
        • ⇒ Latin: (co)āgulum (see there for further descendants)
    • *h₂éǵ-mn̥ ~ *h₂ǵ-mén-s[2]
      • Proto-Hellenic: *ákʰmə
        • ⇒ Aeolic Greek: ἄχματα (ákhmata)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ma
      • Proto-Italic: *agmən
        • Latin: agmen
          • ⇒ Latin: exāmen (see there for further descendants)
    • *h₂óǵ-mo-s (“drive, path”)
    • *h₂eǵ-nó-s
      • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *agnas
        • Lithuanian: agnùs (“agile, energetic”)
    • *h₂eǵ-ó-s[5]
      • Proto-Hellenic: *agós
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Haȷ́ás (“leader”)
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
          • Sanskrit: अज (ajá, “driver”)
    • *h₂éǵ-ro-s (“field, pasturage”)
    • *h₂eǵ-ro- (“hunt, slaughter”)
      • Proto-Celtic: *agrom (“slaughter, battle”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • ⇒ Avestan: 𐬀𐬰𐬭𐬋𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬍 (azrōdaiδī, “hunt”)
    • *h₂eḱs- (“axis”) (possibly)
    • *h₂ǵ-es- (post-PIE)
    • *h₂ǵ-tó-s[2]
      • ⇒ Proto-Celtic: *ambaxtos
      • Proto-Hellenic: *aktós
        • Ancient Greek: ἐπᾰκτός (epăktós)
      • Proto-Italic: *aktos
        • Latin: āctus (see there for further descendants)
    • *h₂éǵ-tōr ~ *h₂ǵ-trés
      • Proto-Hellenic: *áktōr
        • Ancient Greek: ᾰ̓́κτωρ (ắktōr)
      • Proto-Italic: *aktōr
        • Latin: actor (see there for further descendants)
    • *h₂éǵ-tr-eh₂
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáštraH (see there for further descendants)
    Unsorted formations
    • Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: आजि (āji, “match, competition”)
    • Iranian:
      • Classical Persian: آژیانه (āžiyāna, “the marbled field or ground”)
      • Classical Persian: آژینه (āžīna, “the iron tool which releated to axile”)
      • Zazaki: hêga (hēgā, “ground, earth”) (maybe from un-iranian roots)
    • Proto-Tocharian: *ekäñye- (possibly)[7]
    Descendants

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*h₂eg̑-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 255-256
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “*h₂eg̑-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 267-277
    3. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “agō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 30-31
    4. ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
    5. ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “ajá- [1]”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page 19
    6. ^ Lambert, Pierre-Yves; Pinault, Georges-Jean (2007), Gaulois et celtique continental‎[1], page 191
    7. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “ekaññi”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 79
    8. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “āk-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 38-39

    Further reading

    Etymology 2

  • The alternation with *h₂eyǵ- could suggest a substratum loan.[1]

    Root

    *h₂eǵ-

    1. goat
    Derived terms
    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂eǵ- (goat) (1 c, 0 e)
    • *h₂eǵ-ó-s[1]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Haȷ́ás (“goat”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *h₂eǵ-i-no- (“of a goat; goat-skin”)[2]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *āˀźina
        • Lithuanian: oženà f (“goat-skin”), oži̇̀nis (“goat”, adj.)
        • Proto-Slavic: *azьno n (“goat-skin”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
          • Sanskrit: अजिन n (ajína, “skin (of an animal, esp. goat), hide; pelt, fur; leather bag”)
        • Proto-Iranian:
          • ⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬰𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬧𐬙 (azinauuaṇt, “wearing a skin”)
    Unsorted formations
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *āˀźis
      • Latvian: āzis
      • Lithuanian: ožỹs m, ožkà f
      • Old Prussian: wosux (vōzuks)
      • Proto-Slavic: *azь (see there for further descendants)
      • → Proto-Finnic: *voohi (see there for further descendants)

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “ajá- [2]”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, pages 19-20
    2. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*azьno”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 31–32

    Further reading

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