Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/deḱ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*deḱ-^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]

to take
to perceive

Descendants

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *deḱ- (21 c, 0 e)

*déḱ-t ~ *dḱ-ént (athematic root aorist)^[1]^[2]^[3]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἔδεκτο (édekto)
    Homeric Greek: δέκτο (dékto)
    
    Mycenaean Greek: 𐀆𐀒𐀵 (de-ko-to /⁠dekto⁠/)
*dḗḱ-ti ~ *déḱ-n̥ti (athematic Narten present)^[2] or *dé-deḱ-ti ~ *dé-dḱ-n̥ti (reduplicated athematic present)^[3]^[4]^[5]
- ⇒ *dēḱ-wéh₂
  - Proto-Germanic: *tēwō (“order, array”) < *tēgwō (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *dēḱ-w-éye-ti
  - Proto-Germanic: *tēwijaną (“to order, arrange”)
    - ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *tēwijaz (“ordered, ranked, classed”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *deśitei
  - Proto-Slavic: *desiti (“find, encounter”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: δέχομαι (dékhomai)
    Ionic, Aeolic, Cretan Greek: δέκομαι (dékomai)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dā́ćti (“to worship”)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dā́ṣṭi
    - Sanskrit: दाष्टि (dā́ṣṭi), दाश्ति (dā́śti)
  - Proto-Iranian: *dā́šti (“to honor”)
    - Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬱𐬙𐬀- (dāšta-, “worshipped”, verbal adjective)
    - Khotanese: [script needed] (dāś-, “to receive with honor”) (or borrowed from Sanskrit)
*dḱ-néw-ti ~ *dḱ-nw-énti (new-present)^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dāćnáwti
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dāśnáwti
    - Sanskrit: दाश्नोति (dāśnóti, “attends, reveres”)
*de-dóḱ-e ~ *de-dḱ-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)^[2]^[3]^[6]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: δέδεξο (dédexo)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dadā́ća
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dadā́śa
    - Sanskrit: ददाश (dadā́śa)
- Proto-Italic: *dedokai (see there for further descendants)
*dḱ-eh₁-(yé)-ti (eh₁-stative)^[2]^[7]
- Proto-Italic: *dekēō
*di-dḱ-sé-ti (reduplicated desiderative)^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *diHćšáti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *diHṭṣáti
    - Sanskrit: दीक्षते (dīkṣáte, “dedicates oneself”)
*di-dḱ-sḱé-ti (reduplicated sḱe-inchoative)^[6]
- Proto-Italic: *diskō
  - Latin: discō (“learn”) (see there for further descendants)
*doḱ-éye-ti (causative)^[2]^[8]^[9]
The LIV assigns Hittite 𒁕𒀀𒀝𒆠 (da-a-ak-ki /⁠dākki⁠/), 𒋫𒀝𒆠 (ta-ak-ki /⁠dakki⁠/, “resembles”, 3rd person singular present active), 𒈭𒃷𒍣 (ták-kán-zi /⁠takkanzi⁠/, “resemble”, 3rd person plural present active) and Ancient Greek δοκέω (dokéō, “think, suppose”) to this root. Kloekhorst rejects this in favor of *do^k/_ḱh₁éy, *do^k/_ḱh₁énti.^[14] Beekes prefers to think of δοκέω (dokéō) as reflecting a deverbative derivation from δέχομαι (dékhomai).^[15]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *dositi (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *dokeō
  - Latin: doceō (see there for further descendants)
*dḱ-tó-s
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: δεκτός (dektós)
*deḱ-no^[7]
- Proto-Italic: *dek-no
  - Latin: dignus
*doḱ-o-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: δοκός (dokós)
*doḱ-éh₂
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: δοχή (dokhḗ)
    - → Latin: doga (see there for further descendants)
*dóḱ-s(e)h₂
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: δόξᾰ (dóxă)
*dóḱ-mn̥
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: δόγμα (dógma)
*déḱ-os ~ *déḱ-es- (“what is proper”)^[7]^[10]^[11]^[12]
*déḱ-ōs ~ *déḱ-es-
- Proto-Italic: *dekōs
  - Latin: decor
*déḱ-s-
*déḱm̥ (“ten”) (+ *ḱm̥t/*ḱómt (“hand”))
*déḱ-weh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *tehwō (“order, array”) (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *tehwōną
*dēḱ-wós
- Sanskrit: दा॒श्वान् (dāśvā́n)
- Ancient Greek: ἀ-δηκότες (a-dēkótes)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959), “189”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 189 of 189, 190
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 ^2.7 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 109-112
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “δέχομαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 320-321
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Cheung, Johnny (2007), “das¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 64
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Derksen, Rick (2008), “desiti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 100
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “discō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 172
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “decet”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 164
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “doceō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 176
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Derksen, Rick (2008), “dositi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 114
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 94
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 Karin Stüber (2006) “Die indogermanischen Ausdrücke für ‘rechts’ und ‘links’”. International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction, 3, 61-72.
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “dexter”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 168
^ Douglas Harper (2001–2025), “*dek-”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 937
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “δοκέω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 344-345

[IEW-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959), “189”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 189 of 189, 190

[LIV-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 ^2.7 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 109-112

[B_δέχομαι-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “δέχομαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 320-321

[Cheung-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Cheung, Johnny (2007), “das¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 64

[D_desiti-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Derksen, Rick (2008), “desiti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 100

[DV_disco-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “discō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 172

[DV_decet-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “decet”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 164

[DV_doceo-8] 8.0 ^8.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “doceō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 176

[D_dositi-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Derksen, Rick (2008), “dositi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 114

[Mata-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 94

[Stüber-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Karin Stüber (2006) “Die indogermanischen Ausdrücke für ‘rechts’ und ‘links’”. International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction, 3, 61-72.

[DV_dexter-12] 12.0 ^12.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “dexter”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 168

[13] Douglas Harper (2001–2025), “*dek-”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.

[14] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 937

[15] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “δοκέω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 344-345

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