Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰel-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

  • *bʰel-

    2. to sound; to speak, roar, bark

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰel- (sound) (9 c, 0 e)
    • *bʰleh₁-
    • *bʰel(h₁)-nos (n-participle)
      • Proto-Germanic: *bellǭ (“bell”) (*-eh₂ reflex) (see there for further descendants)
        • ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *bellaną (“to roar”)[1] (see there for further descendants)
    • *bʰol-s-(o-)s ((thematicized) s-stem)
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *balsas
        • Latgalian: bolss (“voice”)
        • Latvian: balss (“voice”)
        • Lithuanian: balsas (“voice”)
        • Samogitian: balsos
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰálšas
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰā́ṣas (possibly via Fortunatov's law)
          • ⇒? Sanskrit: भाषा f (bhāṣā, “speech, language”) (see there for further descendants)
            • ⇒? Sanskrit: भाष् (bhāṣ, “to speak”, reanalyzed root) (see derived terms)
    • *bʰl̥- (zero-grade)[2]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *biltei
        • Lithuanian: bilti (“to speak”)
        • ⇒ Lithuanian: byla (“speech; case, file”)
        • Old Prussian: billīt, billītwei (“to say, speak”)
        • Proto-Slavic: *bьltati (“to babble”) (extended with -t-)
    • *bʰl̥d- (zero-grade, extended with -d-)[3]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bilstei
        • Lithuanian: bilsti (“to knock, rumble”)
        • Latvian: bilst (“to utter”) (bildu)
        • Latvian: bildēt (“to speak”)
        • Lithuanian: bildėti (“to knock, make noise”)
      • Proto-Germanic:
    Unsorted formations
    • (perhaps) Proto-Tocharian: *päl- (“to praise, commend”)[5]

    Root

  • *bʰel-

    2. ? to blaze, burn; to glow, shine, be bright or brightly colored
    3. ? bright flame, fire
      Synonyms: *h₁n̥gʷnís, *h₂eh₁ter-, *h₂eydʰ-, *péh₂wr̥
    5. shiny, white

    Reconstruction notes

    The inclusion of descendants meaning “marsh” is doubtful and has also been attributed to substrate origin; see Proto-Germanic *pōlaz for more.

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰel- (shiny) (7 c, 0 e)
    • *bʰólH-teh₂
    • *bʰél-g-os- ~ *bʰél-g-es-
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárgas
    • *bʰle-g-
      • *bʰlé-g-e-ti
        • Proto-Hellenic: *pʰlegō
      • *bʰlé-g-mn̥
        • Proto-Hellenic: *pʰlegmə
    • *bʰl̥-g-eh₁-ye-ti
      • Proto-Italic: *folgēō
        • Latin: fulgeō (see there for further descendants)
    • *bʰl̥-g-os-
      • Pre-Latin: *folgos
        • Latin: fulgur (see there for further descendants)
    • *bʰl̥-g-ro-[6]
    • *bʰl̥-g-mh₂[6]
    • ⇒? *bʰl-ey-ǵ-
    • *bʰel-h₁-, *bʰl-eh₁-
      • ⇒ *bʰl̥h₁-wó-s
        • ⇒? *bʰl̥h₁-u-k-
          • ⇒? Proto-Albanian: *blāukā[8]
            • Albanian: blokër (“rubbish, trash”)
        • Proto-Italic: *flāwos
          • >? Latin: flāvus (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)
      • *bʰolH-o-
        • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
          • Latgalian: bõls (“pale, dull”)
          • Latvian: bāls (“pale”)
          • Lithuanian: bãlas (“white, anemone”)
          • Samogitian: bals (“anemone”)
      • *bʰl̥H-o-
        • Proto-Hellenic: *pʰalós
      • *bʰḗlH-o- / *bʰl̥-ós
        • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
          • Proto-Slavic: *bělъ (“white”)[9] (see there for further descendants)
        • Proto-Germanic: *bēlą (“(bon)fire, pyre”)[10]
    Unsorted formations
    • Albanian: bal, balo
    • Latgalian: blõvs (“dim”)
    • Latvian: blāvs (“dim”)
    • Lithuanian: blãvas
    • Indo-Iranian:
      • Indo-Aryan:
        • Sanskrit: भाल (bhāla, “splendour”)
    • Old Armenian: բալ (bal, “fog”)

    Root

  • *bʰel-

    2. to blow, to swell up

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰel- (blow) (36 c, 0 e)
    • *bʰel-ǵʰ-
    • *bʰl-eh₁-
    • *bʰl-ew-
    • *bʰl-eh₂-yé-ti
      • Proto-Italic: *flāō
    • *bʰél-mn̥
    • *bʰél-ō ~ *bʰl̥-n-ós/és (“round object”, n-stem noun) (Pokorny considered a heteroclitic *bʰélr̥ ~ *bʰl̥nés[11])
      • Proto-Germanic: *bullô m, *bullǭ f (“ball, bowl”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Germanic: *bellǭ (“~ knoll”)[12]
        • Old Norse:
          • Icelandic: bjalla (“hill”)
          • ⇒ Swedish: fot-bjälle, fota-bjälle (“ankle, heel”)
      • Proto-Hellenic: *pʰə́llōn (with schwa and geminate *ll taken from the oblique stem)
        • Ancient Greek: *φάλλων (*phállōn)[13]
          • ⇒? Ancient Greek: φάλλαινα (phállaina, “whale”) (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ *bʰól-ō (o-grade)[14]
        • Proto-Germanic: *ballô, *balluz (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ *bʰl-ḗn ~ *bʰl̥-n-ós/és (“round body part, penis, testicle?”)[15]
        • Proto-Germanic: *bulô, *bullô (“bull”) (see there for further descendants)
        • ⇒ *bʰl̥n-ós
          • Proto-Celtic: *ballos (see there for further descendants)
          • Proto-Hellenic: *pʰəllós
            • Ancient Greek: φαλλός (phallós) (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ *bʰ(o)ln-is
        • Proto-Italic: *folnis
          • Latin: follis (“bag; bellows; ball”) (and/or from *bʰelǵʰ-?) (see there for further descendants)
    • *bʰol-tos (t-participle)
      • >? Proto-Germanic: *balþaz (“bold”)[16] (see there for further descendants)
    Unsorted formations
    • →? Ancient Greek: βαλλίον (ballíon) (from a dialect that preserved the voicing of *bʰ)
    • Ancient Greek: φάλης (phálēs)
    • German: Bille (“penis”) (dialectal)

    Root

  • *bʰel-

    2. henbane

    Reconstruction notes

    Pokorny lists *bhel- "henbane" separately but allows the possibility that it is the same as *bhel- "shiny, white."[17] Neither Derksen, nor Kroonen gloss their PIE reconstructions for "henbane".

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰel- (henbane) (2 c, 0 e)
    • *bʰel-(e)n-
      • ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: (thematicized)
        • Proto-Slavic: *bel(e)nъ (“day-dream, henbane”)[18] (see there for further descendants)
    • ? *bʰel-ek- or *bʰel-iḱ-
      • Proto-Italic: *feleks, *feliks
        • >? Latin: filix (“fern”)[19] (see there for further descendants)
    • *bʰel-es-
      • ⇒ Proto-Germanic: (thematicized)
        • Proto-West Germanic:
          • Old High German: bilesa, bilisa, bilsa
            • Middle High German: bilse
              • German: Bilsenkraut
          • →? Spanish: belesa (“henbane, doctorbush”), velesa
    Unsorted formations

    References

    1. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*bellan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 58
    2. ^ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992), “bilst”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca [Latvian Etymological Dictionary]‎[2] (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN
    3. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “bildėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 90
    4. ^ Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “болтать”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
    5. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “päl-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 402-403
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “flagrō, -āre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 224: “PIt. * flagro-, *flagma. [...] The noun flamma reflects a noun *flag-ma from a zero grade *bʰl̥-g-m-”
    7. ^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991), The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 177: “flamma < *bhlagmā”
    8. ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998), “blokër”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 30
    9. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*bělъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 40
    10. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*bēla-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 57
    11. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959), “3. bhel-, bhlē-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 120–122
    12. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*bellōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 58
    13. ^ Leumann, Manu; Hofmann, Johann Baptist; Szantyr, Anton (1977), Lateinische Grammatik: Lateinische Laut- und Formenlehre, CH Beck, page 158f
    14. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*ballan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 50: “nom. *balō, gen. *ballaz < *bʰol-ōn, *bʰl-n-ós”
    15. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*bul(l)an-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[6], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 83–84
    16. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*balþ/da-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[7], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 50
    17. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 120
    18. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*bel(e)nъ, *belena, *bolnъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 35
    19. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “filix”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 220
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