Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/Heh₃l-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*Heh₃l-[1]

  1. to bow, to bend; elbow

Reconstruction notes

  • Both laryngeals are uncertain and debated, but the Greek reflexes with ω- (ō-) suggest at least one was *h₃. Contradicting this is the e-vocalism of Lithuanian elkū́nė and Latvian elkonis. Note also the problematic i- of Old Armenian իլ (il, “spindle”), but it is less likely to be related.
  • The unusual root shape *HeHR- suggests it was extended from earlier *HeH-, i.e. from *Heh₃- as *Heh₃-l-. Compare *h₂el- (“to bend”). This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *Heh₃l- (19 c, 0 e)
  • *Heh₃l-én-eh₂
    • >? Proto-Albanian: *alanā, *ulnā
      • ⇒ Proto-Albanian: *bōrei ulnā
      • ⇒ Proto-Albanian: *ulnā bōra
      • Albanian: llanë, llërë
    • Proto-Celtic: *olīnā (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *alinō, *alīnō (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *ōlenā
      • Ancient Greek: ὠλένη (ōlénē), ὠλήν (ōlḗn), ὠλλόν (ōllón)
    • Proto-Italic: *olenā
      • Latin: ulna (see there for further descendants)
  • ⇒? *H(e)h₃l-ey- (“bend, joint; limb, member, arm”) (possibly a separate root *(H)ley- excluding Tocharian)
    • ⇒? Proto-Tocharian: *āläi (“palm of the hand”) (or from *h₂elwos[2]) (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒? *(H)léy-mon- ~ *(H)li-mn-és, *(H)ley-m-o-s?
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • >? Lithuanian: liemuõ (“log; torso”)
      • ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *limuz, *līmuz (suffix influenced by *liþuz?) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Italic: *leimos (“bent”)
        • >? Latin: līmus (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒? *(H)ley-tu-s
      • Proto-Germanic: *liþuz (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations
  • Proto-Armenian:
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *alk-, *elk-
    • Latvian: olekts, elkonis
    • Latgalian: alkiune
    • Lithuanian: úolektis, alkū́nė, elkū́nė
    • Old Prussian: arašnīs, woaltis, woltis, alkunis
    • Proto-Slavic: *olkъ
      • Proto-Slavic: *olkъtь (“elbow”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic: *olēnā
    • Proto-Brythonic:
      • Welsh: olwyn (“wheel”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Haratníš (see there for further descendants)

Further reading

References

  1. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “ulna”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 638
  2. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “alyiye”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 29
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