Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂el-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂elh₂-

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*h₂el- (imperfective)^[1]^[2]

to grow, nourish

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂el- (grow) (28 c, 0 e)

*h₂él-e-ti (thematic root present)
*h₂ol-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Germanic: *aljaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *oleō
  - Umbrian: 𐌖𐌛𐌄𐌕𐌖 (uřetu)
  - ⇒ Latin: adoleō
*h₂el-mn̥-to-m
- Proto-Italic: *almentom
  - Latin: alimentum (see there for further descendants)
*h₂el-mos
- Proto-Italic: *almos
  - Latin: almus (see there for further descendants)
*h₂él-ti-s ~ *h₂l̥-téy-s
- Proto-Germanic: *aldiz (see there for further descendants)
*h₂el-tó-s
- Proto-Celtic: *altos (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *aldaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *altos
  - Latin: altus (see there for further descendants)
*h₂el-dʰr-o-m or *h₂el-tr-ó-m
- Proto-Germanic: *aldrą (see there for further descendants)
*h₂el-wó-s
- Proto-Italic: *alwos (perhaps)
  - Latin: alvus (see there for further descendants)
*h₂el-i-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: (ind)olēs, (pr)ōlēs
*h₂el-dʰ-
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἀλθαίνω (althaínō)

Root

*h₂el-

beyond, other

Alternative reconstruction

*ál (“elsewhere”)^[3]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂el- (other) (27 c, 0 e)

*h₂él-yo-s (“other”)
*h₂él-(i)-tero-s
- Proto-Italic: *aliteros (“other (of two)”) (see there for further descendants)
*h₂el-no- ~ *h₂elnós
- Proto-Celtic: *alnos (“other”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *allaz (“all”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *alnos
  - Oscan: allo (“whole”)^[4] (nom. sg. f.)
- Proto-Tocharian: *ālle-kä (“other”) ^[5]
  - Tocharian A: ālak
  - Tocharian B: allek
*h₂él-eno-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háranas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háranas
    - Sanskrit: अरण (áraṇa, “foreign, distant”)
*h₂ol-teros
- Proto-Italic: *olteros
  - Latin: ulter (“beyond”, adjective), ultrā (adverb)
    - ⇒ Old Latin: uls (“beyond”) (formed on the example of cis vs. citrā^[6])
*h₂ol-no-s ~ *h₂l̥-no-s
- Proto-Albanian: *alnā
  - Albanian: lloj
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *olni (“last year”)
- Italic: *olnos
  - Latin: ollus, olle, ōlim, ille
*h₂olyos
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ողջ (ołǰ, “alive, whole”)
    - Armenian: ողջ (oġǰ)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: aliai (“every”)
- Proto-Celtic: *olyos (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Tocharian: [Term?] (“otherwise”)^[7]
- Tocharian B: āläm
- Tocharian B: ālo

References

Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 262
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 24
^ Dunkel, George E. (2014), “*ál ‘anderswo’”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 18-21
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*alla-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 23
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “allek”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 30
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “uls”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 638
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 59

[1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 262

[2] Pokorny, Julius (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 24

[3] Dunkel, George E. (2014), “*ál ‘anderswo’”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 18-21

[4] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*alla-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 23

[5] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “allek”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 30

[6] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “uls”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 638

[7] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 59

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