Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱís

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Presumedly a compound *ḱ(e)- +‎ *ís, or nominalized from the particle as *ḱi +‎ *-s by analogy to *(h₁)ís (from *h₁é?) and *kʷís (from *kʷ-?).

Pronoun

*ḱís^[1]

this (here)

Inflection

Andrew Sihler's reconstruction
	Singular			Plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*ḱís	*ḱíh₂	*ḱíd	*ḱéyes	*ḱíh₂es	*ḱíh₂
accusative	*ḱím	*ḱíh₂m	*ḱíd	*ḱíns	*ḱíh₂ms	*ḱíh₂
genitive	*ḱésyo	*ḱésyeh₂s	*ḱésyo	*ḱéysom	*ḱéysom	*ḱéysom
ablative	*ḱésmod	*ḱésyeh₂s	*ḱésyo	*ḱéysom	*ḱéysom	*ḱéysom
dative	*ḱésmey	*ḱésyeh₂ey	*ḱésmey	*ḱeybʰ-	*ḱeybʰ-	*ḱeybʰ-
locative	*ḱésmi	*?	*ḱésmi	*ḱeysu	*ḱeysu	*ḱeysu

Donald Ringe's reconstruction^[2]
	Singular			Plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*ḱéy	*ḱíh₂	*ḱíd	*ḱéyes	*ḱíh₂es (?)	*ḱíh₂
accusative	*ḱím	*ḱíh₂m̥	*ḱíd	*ḱíns	*ḱíh₂n̥s (?)	*ḱíh₂
genitive	*ḱésyo	*ḱésyeh₂s	*ḱésyo	*ḱéysoHom	*ḱíh₂soHom	*ḱéysoHom
ablative	*ḱésmead (?)	*ḱésyeh₂s	*ḱésmead (?)	*ḱéymos	*ḱíh₂mos	*ḱéymos
dative	*ḱésmey	*ḱésyeh₂ey	*ḱésmey	*ḱéymos	*ḱíh₂mos	*ḱéymos
locative	*ḱésmi	*ḱésyeh₂(i)	*ḱésmi	*ḱéysu	*ḱíh₂su	*ḱéysu
instrumental	*ḱíh₁	?	*ḱíh₁	*ḱéybʰi	*ḱíh₂bʰi	*ḱéybʰi

Alternative forms

*ḱéys (full-grade) ?
*ḱí (particle) ?

Reconstruction notes

An innovative pronoun which could have formed independently in some branches, though it appears archaic given its presence in Anatolian. Like *só, it widely came to be used as a determiner in descendant languages; it also commonly became a bound morpheme in prefixal or suffixal position (more at *ḱe).

Derived terms

*ḱi-tero-s
- Proto-Italic: *kiteros^[3]
  - Latin: citer
*ḱi-tm̥mo-s
- Proto-Italic: *kitəmos
  - Latin: citimus (“nearest”)
*ḱí-trō ~ *ḱí-tre^[1] (possibly without historical connection between Germanic and Latin^[4])
- Proto-Germanic: *hidrê (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: citrō (“to this side; on both sides”)
^? *ḱi-na^[1]
- Proto-Celtic: *kina^[5]
  - Proto-Brythonic: *ken
    - Middle Breton: quen (“other, otherwise”)
    - Cornish: ken (“other, otherwise”)
    - ⇒ Middle Welsh: amgen (“other, different”)
  - Old Irish: cen (“without”)
    - Irish: gan
    - Manx: gyn
    - Scottish Gaelic: gun

Descendants

Proto-Albanian: *tˢja ? (< *ḱy-ós)
- ⇒ *tˢjādīti (“on this day”)^[6] (+ *dīti (“day”))
  - Albanian: sot (“today”, adverb), sod — Gheg, σὸτ — Arvanitika
- ⇒ *tˢjā(i) naktāi (“on this night”)^[7] (+ *naktā (“night”)) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *tˢjei wetei (“on this year”)^[8] (+ *weta (“year”))
  - Albanian: si-vjet (“this year”, adverb)
Proto-Anatolian: *ḱí^[9]
- Luwian: 𒍣- (zi-, plural stem of 𒍝𒀀𒀸 (za-a-aš)), [script needed] (zin … zin, “on the one hand … on the other”)
- ⇒ *ḱyód
  - Palaic: [script needed] (kii̯at, “here”, adverb)
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śís (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *hiz^[10] (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *kéis, *kís^[9] ?
- ⇒ *(é-)key-enos (“that one there”) (+ *é-, + *énos (“that”))
  - Ancient Greek: ἐκεῖνος (ekeînos), κεῖνος (keînos) — Epic, Ionic, κῆνος (kênos) — Aeolic, κῆνος, τῆνος (kênos, tênos) — Doric, ἐκεινοσί (ekeinosí) — emphatic, ἐκεινοσίν (ekeinosín) — emphatic with movable nu
    - Greek: εκείνος (ekeínos)
    - Italiot Greek: cino
- ⇒ *ťi-āmeron (“[on] this day”) (+ *ā́mər (“day”), + *-on)
  - Ancient Greek: σήμερον (sḗmeron, “today”), σᾱ́μερον (sā́meron) — Doric, τήμερον (tḗmeron) — Attic
    - Greek: σήμερα (símera)
    - Tsakonian: σάμερε (sámere)
- ⇒ *ťi-wétes (“[in] this year”) (+ *wétos (“year”))
  - Ancient Greek: σῆτες (sêtes), τῆτες (têtes)
Proto-Italic: *ki^[3]
- Latin: cis (preposition)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Dunkel, George E. (2014), “*k̑ó-, *k̑í- 'dieser'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 405-415
^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 56
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “cis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 115–116: “PIt. *ki ‘here, by’, *ki-tero-; PIE *ḱi ‘this, here’”
^ Vladimir Orel (2003), “*xiđrēt”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 172
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*kina, *kinā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 204
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998), “sot”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 399
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998), “sonte”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 399
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998), “sivjet”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 397
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “kā- / kū- / ki-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 425–427: “PIE *ḱo-, *ḱi-”
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 225

[LIPP-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Dunkel, George E. (2014), “*k̑ó-, *k̑í- 'dieser'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 405-415

[2] Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 56

[EDL-3] 3.0 ^3.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “cis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 115–116: “PIt. *ki ‘here, by’, *ki-tero-; PIE *ḱi ‘this, here’”

[4] Vladimir Orel (2003), “*xiđrēt”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 172

[5] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*kina, *kinā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 204

[6] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998), “sot”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 399

[7] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998), “sonte”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 399

[8] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998), “sivjet”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 397

[EDHIL-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “kā- / kū- / ki-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 425–427: “PIE *ḱo-, *ḱi-”

[10] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 225

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