Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵews-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

  • Root

    *ǵews-[1][2][3][4][5]

    1. to taste, try

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵews- (61 c, 0 e)
    • *ǵéws-t ~ *ǵus-ént (root aorist)[6][7][2]
      • Proto-Celtic: *guseti (“to choose”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Germanic: *keusaną (“to try, choose”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ušátay
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uṣátay
    • *ǵéws-e-ti (thematic root present)[8]
    • *ǵows-éye-ti (éye-iterative)[2]
      • Proto-Germanic: *kauzijaną (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́awšáyati
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́awṣáyati
          • Sanskrit: जोषयते (joṣáyate, 3sg.med.)
    • *ǵus-é-tor (mediopassive)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ušátay
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uṣátay
          • >? Sanskrit: जुषते (juṣáte)[9] (or developed from thematic aorist अजुषत (ájuṣata)[2])
    • *ǵu-ǵéws-ti ~ *ǵú-ǵus-nti (reduplicated athematic present)[2][8]
      • Proto-Anatolian:
        • Hittite: [script needed] (kukušzi, “to taste”)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́uȷ́áwštay
        • Proto-Iranian: *jujáwštay
          • Younger Avestan: 𐬁𐬰𐬏𐬰𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬈 (āzūzušte, 3sg.pres.med.)
    • *ǵu-ǵóws-e ~ *ǵú-ǵus-ḗr (zero-grade reduplicated stative)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́uȷ́áwša
    • *ǵéws-o-s
    • *ǵéws-ti-s ~ *ǵus-téy-s[10]
      • Proto-Germanic: *kustiz (“trial”)[10] (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́úštiš
    • *ǵéws-tu-s ~ *ǵus-téw-s[11]
    • *ǵus-tó-s
      • Proto-Hellenic:
        • Ancient Greek: γευστός (geustós) (with leveling)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́uštás
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uṣṭás
        • Proto-Iranian: *juštáh
          • Avestan: 𐬰𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬀 (zušta)
    • *ǵéws-tōr ~ *ǵus-tr-és
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́awštā́
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́awṣṭā́
        • Proto-Iranian: *jawštā́
          • Old Persian: 𐎭𐎢𐏁𐎫𐎠 (d-u-š-t-a /⁠dauštā⁠/)
            • Middle Persian: (/⁠dōst⁠/)
              Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫇𐫘𐫤 (dwst)
              Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭣𐭥𐭮𐭲𐭩 (dwst' /⁠dōst⁠⁠/)
              • Classical Persian: دوسْت (dōst, “friend”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *ǵows-teh₂
      • Proto-Celtic: *gowstā[12]
        • Old Irish: gúas (“danger, possibility”)
          • ⇒ Old Irish: gúasacht f (“danger”) (perhaps attested in Ogam as gen.sg. GOSSUCTTIAS)

    References

    1. ^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g̑eu̯s-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 166-167
    3. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 399
    4. ^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 255
    5. ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
    6. ^ Schumacher, Stefan; Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004), Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 37
    7. ^ Kim, Ronald (2019), “Old English Cyme and the Proto‐Indo‐European Aorist Optative in Germanic”, in Transactions of the Philological Society, volume 117, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 96–111
    8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*keusan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 286
    9. ^ Pooth, Roland A., Multiple case constructions of Vedic juṣ- ‘to enjoy’ and ‘to please’: their inner-Vedic reduction and etymology, page 40
    10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*kusti-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 313
    11. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*kustu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 313
    12. ^ Matasović, Ranko (December 2011), “Addenda et corrigenda to Ranko Matasović’s Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Brill, Leiden 2009)”, in Homepage of Ranko Matasović‎[5], Zagreb
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