-isha

• -lisha/-lesha

Cognate with Nyole (Uganda) -isa, Chichewa -itsa, Tumbuka -iska, Yao -isya, Kongo -isa, Southern Ndebele -isa, Phuthi -isa, Xhosa -isa and Zulu -isa.

-isha (mid vowel harmony variant -esha)

1. causative suffix
   1. (added to a verb) to cause to, to make

      Near-synonyms: -ya, -iza/-eza

      ‎-la (“to eat”) + ‎-isha → ‎-lisha (“to feed”)

      ‎-weza (“to be able”) + ‎-esha → ‎-wezesha (“to enable”)

   2. (added to an adjective) to cause to become, to make

      ‎imara (“strong”) + ‎-isha → ‎-imarisha (“to strengthen”)

   3. (added to a noun) to give a characteristic of, to turn into

      ‎sababu (“cause”) + ‎-isha → ‎-sababisha (“to cause”)

      ‎orodha (“list”) + ‎-esha → ‎-orodhesha (“to list”)

• Swahili causative verbs