-ês

• -ez (obsolete)

From Old Galician-Portuguese -es, from Latin -ēnsis. Compare the borrowed doublet -ense.

• Homophones: ex (Brazil), ex- (Brazil)

-ês m (noun-forming suffix, plural -eses, feminine -esa, feminine plural -esas)

1. -ese (forms nouns indicating a native of the place)

   ‎Holanda (“Netherlands”) + ‎-ês → ‎holandês (“Dutchman”)

2. -ese (forms the names of languages spoken in a given place or by a given people)

   ‎Holanda (“Netherlands”) + ‎-ês → ‎holandês (“Dutch language”)

-ês (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -esa, masculine plural -eses, feminine plural -esas)

1. -ese (forms adjectives describing a particular place)

   Synonyms: -ense, -eiro, -ista, -enho, -ita, -ota

   ‎Holanda (“Netherlands”) + ‎-ês → ‎holandês (“Dutch”)

The following ending(s) change(s) in words appended with this suffix:

• ⟨-ição⟩ (being part of a hiatus in feminine nouns, including plurals) → ⟨-(i)cion-⟩
• ⟨-ção⟩, ⟨-são⟩ (in feminine nouns, including plurals) → ⟨-cion-⟩, ⟨-sion-⟩
• ⟨-ão⟩ (as a non-verb suffix, including plurals) → ⟨-on-⟩
• ⟨-ã(o)-⟩ (including plurals) → ⟨-(i)an-⟩, ⟨-am-⟩, or ⟨-(i)on-⟩, depending on the base word's etymology
• ⟨-m⟩ (including plurals) → ⟨-n-⟩
• ⟨-z⟩ (in some nouns from Latin, including plurals) → ⟨-c(i)-⟩
• ⟨-dade⟩ (as a noun suffix, including plurals) → ⟨-t-⟩