飛び越える

Japanese

Kanji in this term

Grade: 4

Grade: S
kun'yomi

Etymology

/tobikoju/(grammatical shift) /tobikojeru//tobikoeru/

From Old Japanese.

Compound of 飛び (tobi, jumping, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, continuative or stem form) of verb 飛ぶ (tobu, to jump; to fly)) +‎ 超ゆ (koyu, to go across, earlier form of modern 超える (koeru, to go acoss)).[1]

The 下二段 (shimo nidan, lower bigrade) verb koyu changed to the modern koeru via regular historical processes during roughly the Muromachi period.

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) びこえ [tòbíkóéꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [4])[2]
  • IPA(key): [to̞bʲiko̞e̞ɾɯ̟]
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 飛び越える
Plain 飛び越える びこえ [tòbíkóéꜜrù]
Conjunctive 飛び越えて びこえて [tòbíkóꜜètè]
Perfective 飛び越えた びこえた [tòbíkóꜜètà]
Negative 飛び越えない びこえない [tòbíkóéꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 飛び越えなかった びこえなかった [tòbíkóéꜜnàkàttà]
Hypothetical conditional 飛び越えれば びこえれば [tòbíkóéꜜrèbà]
Past conditional 飛び越えたら びこえたら [tòbíkóꜜètàrà]
Imperative 飛び越えろ
飛び越えよ
びこえ
びこえ
[tòbíkóéꜜrò]
[tòbíkóéꜜyò]
Volitional 飛び越えよう びこえよ [tòbíkóéyóꜜò]
Desiderative 飛び越えたい びこえた [tòbíkóétáꜜì]
Formal 飛び越えます びこえま [tòbíkóémáꜜsù]
Formal negative 飛び越えません びこえませ [tòbíkóémáséꜜǹ]
Formal volitional 飛び越えましょう びこえましょ [tòbíkóémáshóꜜò]
Formal perfective 飛び越えました びこえました [tòbíkóémáꜜshìtà]
Continuative 飛び越え
飛び越えに
びこ
びこえに
[tòbíkóꜜè]
[tòbíkóꜜè nì]
Negative continuative 飛び越えず
飛び越えずに
びこえ
びこえずに
[tòbíkóéꜜzù]
[tòbíkóéꜜzù nì]
Passive 飛び越えられる びこえられ [tòbíkóéráréꜜrù]
Causative 飛び越えさせる
飛び越えさす
びこえさせ
びこえさ
[tòbíkóésáséꜜrù]
[tòbíkóésáꜜsù]
Potential 飛び越えられる
飛び越えれる
びこえられ
びこえれ
[tòbíkóéráréꜜrù]
[tòbíkóéréꜜrù]

Verb

()()える • (tobikoeruintransitive ichidan (stem ()() (tobikoe), past ()()えた (tobikoeta))

  1. to jump (over)
    (うま)(さく)()()えました
    Uma ga saku o tobikoemashita.
    The horse cleared the fence.

Conjugation

See also

References

  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN