musieć

• musić

Borrowed from Old Czech musěti,^[1] from Middle High German muozen,^[2] from Old High German muozan, from Proto-West Germanic *mōtan. The change of musić to musieć is due to influence from intransitive verbs ending in -eć, i.e. umieć, and woleć.^[3] First attested in 1365.

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /muɕɛt͡ɕʲ/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /muɕɛt͡ɕʲ/

musieć impf

1. (attested in Masovia) to have to, to need to, must (to be obliged to)
   • 1899 [1365], Mathias Bersohn, editor, Księgozbiór katedry płockiej‎^[1], Płock, page 21:

     Libro completo muszysz mi dacz moge mito

     [Libro completo musisz mi dać moje myto]

2. (attested in Lesser Poland) to have to; must; used to indicate certainty
   • Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie‎^[2], Krakow, page 173b:

     A szaprafdøcz by ten tho clouek malo sgrzesil, ysze gdisci bi szø on na tho rosmislil, isbicz on f krothke chvyly vmrzecz muszyl

     [A zaprawdęć by ten to człowiek mało zgrzeszył, iże gdyżciby się on na to rozmyślił, iżbyć on w krotkie chwili umrzeć musił]

• Polish: musieć, musić (Middle Polish)
  • → Kashubian: mùszec
  • → Slovincian: mùszec
• Silesian: musieć
• → Old Ruthenian: мусити (musiti), мусѣти (musěti), мусꙗти (musjati)
  • Belarusian: му́сіць (músicʹ)
  • Ukrainian: му́сити (músyty)

• B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “musieć, musić”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

• musić (Middle Polish)

From earlier musić (whence the derived verbs przymusić, zmusić, etc.),^[1][2] inherited from Old Polish musieć. Cognate with Czech muset, Slovak musieť and English must.

• Audio 1:

  (file)

• Audio 2:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -uɕɛt͡ɕ
• Syllabification: mu‧sieć

musieć impf

2. (intransitive, auxiliary) to have to, to need to, must (to be obliged to)

   Musimy porozmawiać. ― We need to talk.

   Musiałem coś zjeść. ― I had to eat something.

   Muszę iść. ― I must go.

   Nie muszę iść. ― I don't have to go.

   1. (intransitive, auxiliary) to have to; used to make a suggestion

      Musisz tam pójść! ― You have to go there!

   2. (intransitive, auxiliary) to have to, to need to, must; used by the speaker when they expect agreement

      Musisz przyznać, że... ― You have to admit that...

   3. (intransitive, auxiliary, usually in questions) to have to, to need to, must; used by the speaker to criticize someone's actions

      Czy musisz to robić? ― Do you have to do that?

   4. (intransitive, colloquial, by ellipsis) to have to go, to need to go, must go; used by the speaker to indicate the need to go somewhere

      Muszę do toalety. ― I have to go to the toilet. (literally, “I have to (to) the toilet.”)

3. (intransitive, auxiliary) to have to, must; used to indicate certainty

   Moje klucze muszą tam być. ― My keys must/have to be there.

The construction nie musieć expresses a lack of necessity. In contrast, the order musieć nie, similarly to the English must not, indicates the necessity not to do something. The latter construction however is especially rarely used in sense 1. To indicate a negative obligation, the constructions nie móc or mieć nie are used, ie.:

Nie mogę tego ruszać. ― I cannot touch this.

Mam tego nie ruszać. ― I am not supposed to touch this.

• → Kashubian: mùszec
• → Slovincian: mùszec

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), musieć is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 89 times in scientific texts, 46 times in news, 129 times in essays, 181 times in fiction, and 302 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 747 times, making it the 60th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.^[3]

• musieć in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• musieć in Polish dictionaries at PWN
• Maria Renata Mayenowa; Stanisław Rospond; Witold Taszycki; Stefan Hrabec; Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023), “musieć, musić”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
• “MUSIEĆ”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], (Can we date this quote?)
• “MUSIEĆ”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 16 January 2015
• Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814), “musieć”, in Słownik języka polskiego
• Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861), “musieć”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
• J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1902), “musieć”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 2, Warsaw, page 1074
• musieć in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

Inherited from Old Polish musieć.

• IPA^(key): /ˈmu.ɕɛt͡ɕ/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -uɕɛt͡ɕ
• Syllabification: mu‧sieć

musieć impf

1. (intransitive, auxiliary) to have to, to need to, must (to be obliged to)
2. (intransitive, auxiliary) to have to, must; used to indicate certainty

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

• musiec in dykcjonorz.eu
• musieć in silling.org