joka

See also: jokā, jōka, and jōkā

Basque

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): (Navarro-Lapurdian) /ɟoka/ [ɟo.ka]
 
  • IPA(key): (Gipuzkoan) /xoka/ [xo.ka]
  • IPA(key): (Biscayan) /d͡ʒoka/ [d͡ʒo.ka]
  • IPA(key): (Navarrese) /joka/ [jo.ka]

  • Rhymes: -oka, -a
  • Hyphenation: jo‧ka

Etymology 1

From jo (“to hit”) +‎ -ka.

Adverb

joka (not comparable)

  1. hitting, punching

Etymology 2

Verb

joka

  1. Short form of jokatu (“to play”).

Further reading

  • “joka”, in Euskaltzaindiaren Hiztegia [Dictionary of the Basque Academy] (in Basque), Euskaltzaindia [Royal Academy of the Basque Language]
  • “joka”, in Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia [General Basque Dictionary], Euskaltzaindia, 1987–2005

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *joka, from Proto-Finno-Permic *jo. The nominative and genitive singular forms, which would have otherwise been monosyllabic, have been extended with -ka (as with kuka and mikä). Related to Karelian joka, Votic jõka, Northern Sami juohkẹ, juogọ, Erzya ю- (ju-) in юза-тоза (juza-toza, “back and forth”), Eastern Mari южо (južo, “some”) and Western Mari юж (juž, “some”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈjokɑ/, [ˈjo̞kɑ̝]
  • Audio:(file)
  • Audio:(file)
  • Rhymes: -okɑ
  • Syllabification(key): jo‧ka
  • Hyphenation(key): jo‧ka

Pronoun

joka

  1. (relative) who, which, that (referring to the previous word or phrase; see usage notes)

Usage notes

  • (relative): As a relative pronoun, joka is used as follows:
Use of joka as a relative pronoun
  • joka refers only to the previous word or phrase, as opposed to a whole clause, in which case mikä is used.[1]
    Ostin uuden puhelimen, joka on toiminut hyvin. ("that" refers to the phone)
    I bought a new phone that has been working well.
    Ostin uuden puhelimen, mikä oli ihan hyvä kokemus. ("which" refers to the act of buying a phone)
    I bought a new phone, which was quite a good experience.
    Tässä on mies, joka sen teki.
    This is the man who did it.
    En tiedä, mitä hän haluaa. (no referent in the preceding clause)
    I don't know what he wants.
  • In colloquial usage, this distinction is usually not as clear-cut. Using the wrong relative pronoun is however seen as incorrect, e.g. in schools.
  • If the previous word is a pronoun not referring to a person, there exists variation between joka and mikä. In general, the former is used with more concrete or specifically defined concepts, while the latter is used with more abstract, less defined concepts. With locations, both joka and mikä can be used. With persons, joka is always used.
    se, jonka ostin ― the one that I bought
    se, mikä on tehtävä ― that which must be done
    se, joka ei sääntöjä noudata ― that who does not obey the rules
    paikka, jossa kävimme / paikka, missä kävimme ― the place (that) we visited
  • In many Eastern Finnish dialects, the indeclinable stem -ka is extended to all forms. These can occur in standard Finnish on occasion, but are considered colloquial or dialectal.
    joidenka, jotenka, joihinka, jonneka
  • The traditional dialectal distribution of joka as a relative pronoun has some notable omissions, notably most of Southwest Finland, Uusimaa, South Karelia and Ingria:
Dialectal distribution of joka
  • Northern Southwest Finland (Pohjoinen Varsinais-Suomi) [Southwestern dialects]
    • Eura, Eurajoki, Honkilahti, Kiukainen
  • Southwest Finnish Highlands (Varsinais-Suomen ylämaa) [Southwestern transitional dialects]
    • Somerniemi
  • Southern Satakunta (Etelä-Satakunta) [Southwestern transitional dialects]
    • Alastaro, Kauvatsa, Loimaa, Punkalaidun, Vampula
  • Western Satakunta (Länsi-Satakunta) [Southwestern transitional dialects]
    • Merikarvia, Nakkila, Pomarkku, Pori, Siikainen
  • Northern Satakunta (Pohjois-Satakunta) [Tavastian dialects]
    • Honkajoki, Hämeenkyrö, Ikaalinen, Jämijärvi, Kankaanpää, Karkku, Karvia, Kihniö, Kiikka, Kiikoinen, Lavia, Mouhijärvi, Parkano, Suoniemi, Tyrvää, Viljakkala
  • Northern Tavastia (Pohjois-Häme) [Tavastian dialects]
    • Hattula, Hauho, Kangasala, Kuhmalahti, Kuorevesi, Kuru, Kylmäkoski, Lempäälä, Luopioinen, Längelmäki, Messukylä, Orivesi, Pälkäne, Ruovesi, Sääksmäki, Teisko, Tottijärvi, Urjala, Vilppula, Virrat
  • Southern Tavastia (Etelä-Häme) [Tavastian dialects]
    • Hausjärvi, Loppi, Nurmijärvi
  • Southeastern Tavastia (Kaakkois-Häme) [Tavastian dialects]
    • Asikkala, Askola, Hollola, Lammi, Myrskylä, Mäntsälä, Nastola, Padasjoki
  • Kymenlaakso [Tavastian dialects]
    • Anjala, Artjärvi, Elimäki, Gogland (Suursaari), Iitti, Jaala, Kymi, Lapinjärvi, Sippola, Valkeala
  • Southern Ostrobothnia (Etelä-Pohjanmaa) [South Ostrobothnian dialects]
    • Alahärmä, Alavus, Ilmajoki, Isojoki, Jalasjärvi, Jurva, Kauhajoki, Kauhava, Kuortane, Kurikka, Lapua, Nurmo, Peräseinäjoki, Seinäjoki, Teuva, Töysä, Vähäkyrö
  • Central Ostrobothnia (Keski-Pohjanmaa) [Central and North Ostrobothnian dialects]
    • Alavieska, Himanka, Kalajoki, Kaustinen, Kestilä, Nivala, Perho, Pyhäjoki, Rautio, Reisjärvi, Saloinen, Toholampi, Ylivieska
  • Northern Ostrobothnia (Pohjois-Pohjanmaa) [Central and North Ostrobothnian dialects]
    • Hailuoto, Ii, Kiiminki, Kuivaniemi, Liminka, Muhos, Oulu, Oulunsalo, Pattijoki, Pudasjärvi, Raahe, Rantsila, Tyrnävä, Utajärvi, Vihanti, Yli-Ii
  • Lapland (Peräpohjola) [Lapland dialects]
    • Kemi, Kemijärvi, Kittilä, Lyngen (Jyykeä/Yykeä), Nordreisa (Raisi), Rovaniemi, Savukoski, Sodankylä, Tervola
  • Westrobothnia (Länsi-Pohja) [Lapland dialects]
    • Alatornio, Gällivare (Jällivaara), Jukkasjärvi, Karunki, Kolari, Muonio, Pajala, Pello, Tärendö (Täräntö), Vittangi (Vittanki), Ylitornio
  • Kainuu [Savonian dialects]
    • Hyrynsalmi, Kajaani, Kuhmo, Kuusamo, Paltamo, Puolanka, Ristijärvi, Sotkamo, Suomussalmi, Vaala, Vuolijoki
  • Northern Central Finland (Pohjoinen Keski-Suomi) [Savonian dialects]
    • Konginkangas, Konnevesi, Laukaa, Multia, Pihtipudas, Pylkönmäki, Saarijärvi, Sumiainen, Viitasaari
  • Western Central Finland (Läntinen Keski-Suomi) [Savonian dialects]
    • Evijärvi, Keuruu, Kortesjärvi, Lappajärvi
  • Southern Central Finland (Eteläinen Keski-Suomi) [Savonian dialects]
    • Joutsa, Jyväskylä, Jämsä, Korpilahti, Kuhmoinen, Leivonmäki, Luhanka, Muurame, Pertunmaa, Sysmä
  • Northern Savonia (Pohjois-Savo) [Savonian dialects]
    • Heinävesi, Iisalmi, Joroinen, Juankoski, Karttula, Kuopio, Leppävirta, Maaninka, Nilsiä, Pielavesi, Pyhäjärvi (Ol), Sonkajärvi, Suonenjoki, Tuusniemi, Vehmersalmi
  • Southern Savonia (Etelä-Savo) [Savonian dialects]
    • Hirvensalmi, Juva, Kangasniemi, Mäntyharju, Puumala, Ristiina, Sääminki
  • Northern Karelia (Pohjois-Karjala) [Savonian dialects]
    • Eno, Ilomantsi, Joensuu, Juuka, Kesälahti, Kiihtelysvaara, Kitee, Kontiolahti, Liperi, Outokumpu/Kuusjärvi, Pielisjärvi, Tohmajärvi
  • Central Karelia (Keski-Karjala) [Southeastern dialects]
    • Gromovo (Sakkola), Parikkala, Sevastyanovskoye (Kaukola), Zaporozhskoye (Metsäpirtti)
  • Southern Karelia (Etelä-Karjala) [Southeastern dialects]
    • Bolshoy Tyuters (Tytärsaari), Lappee, Lemi, Pravdino (Muolaa), Primorsk (Koivisto), Savitaipale, Suomenniemi, Virolahti
  • Ingria (Inkeri) [Southeastern dialects]
    • Martyshkino (Tyrö), Ribovo (Rääpyvä)
  • Värmland (Vermlanti) [Savonian dialects]
    • Värmland (Vermlanti)

The classification of and data for regional dialects is based on pre-1950s data. Since the 1950s, the dialects have become increasingly mixed, levelled and influenced by Standard Finnish. Besides Standard Finnish, a relatively uniform and originally urban 'colloquial Finnish' is beginning to emerge in their place, especially in the cities.

Source: Suomen murteiden sanakirja by Kotimaisten kielten keskus (CC BY 4.0); see the information for the background image for its sources and licensing

Inflection

Irregular. Some cases are practically never used. The conjunction jos is etymologically the s-lative singular of this pronoun.

Declension of joka
noun case singular pluraladverbial form singular plural
nominative joka jotkasuperessive – –
genitive jonka joiden
joitten		delative – –
partitive jota joitasublative jonne –
accusative joka, jonka jotkalative jos –
inessive jossa joissatemporal jolloin –
elative josta joistacausative joten –
illative johon joihinmultiplicative – –
adessive jolla joilladistributive – –
ablative jolta joiltatemp. dist. – –
allative jolle joilleprolative (joitse) –
essive jona joinasituative – –
translative joksi joiksioppositive – –
abessive (jotta) (joitta)
instructive – (join)
comitative – (joine)

Determiner

joka (not inflected)

  1. every, each
    Hän käy lenkillä joka päivä.
    She goes jogging every day.
    joka kerta ― every time
    joka puolella/puolelta/puolelle, joka paikassa/paikasta/paikkaan ― everywhere
    joka tapauksessa ― in any case, at any rate
    joka toinen vuosi ― every two years, biannually

Derived terms

compounds

See also

References

  1. ^ Auli Hakulinen with Maria Vilkuna, Riitta Korhonen, Vesa Koivisto, Tarja Riitta Heinonen, and Irja Alho (2004), “§ 735 Relatiivipronominien ominaisuudet”, in Iso suomen kielioppi‎[1], Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, →ISBN

Further reading

Anagrams

Garo

Verb

joka

  1. to flow
    chibima jokangenga
    The river is flowing away

Guaraní

Verb

joka

  1. break

Ingrian

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *joka. Cognates include Finnish joka and Karelian joka.

Pronunciation

  • (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈjokɑ/, [ˈjo̞kɑ]
  • (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈjokɑ/, [ˈjo̞ɡ̊ɑ]
  • Rhymes: -okɑ
  • Hyphenation: jo‧ka

Determiner

joka (invariable)

  1. every, each
    joka päivä ― every day
    • 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 49:
      Joka paikaas flakut, väki.
      Everywhere there's flags, there's people
      (literally, “In every place flags, people.”)
    • 1936, L. G. Terehova, V. G. Erdeli, translated by Mihailov and P. I. Maksimov, Geografia: oppikirja iƶoroin alkușkoulun kolmatta klaassaa vart (ensimäine osa) [Geography: textbook for Ingrian elementary school third grade (first part)], Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:
      No joka predmetan kupahain päivän pittuueel muuttuu.
      But the shadow of every object changes in length during the day.

Synonyms

Derived terms

References

  • Ruben E. Nirvi (1971), Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 105
  • Olga I. Konkova; Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014), Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку‎[3], →ISBN, page 79

Karelian

Regional variants of joka
North Karelian
(Viena) 		joka
South Karelian
(Tver) 		joga

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *joka. Cognates include Finnish joka and Veps joga.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈjokɑ/
  • Hyphenation: jo‧ka

Determiner

joka (invariable)

  1. each, every

Synonyms

References

  • P. Zaykov; L. Rugoyeva (1999), “joka”, in Карельско-Русский словарь (Северно-Карельские диалекты) [Karelian-Russian dictionary (North Karelian dialects)], Petrozavodsk, →ISBN
  • Pertti Virtaranta; Raija Koponen (2009), “joka”, in Marja Torikka, editor, Karjalan kielen sanakirja‎[4], Helsinki: Kotus, →ISSN

Latvian

Noun

joka m

  1. genitive singular of joks

Swahili

Etymology

From ji- (augmentative prefix) +‎ nyoka (“snake”).

Pronunciation

Noun

joka class V (plural majoka class VI)

  1. augmentative of nyoka: serpent (big snake)
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