Reconstruction:Proto-Yeniseian/baɬtok

This Proto-Yeniseian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
This Proto-Yeniseian entry contains original research. The reconstruction in this entry is based on published research, but the specific form presented here is not found in prior works.

Proto-Yeniseian

Alternative reconstructions

  • *tʲokə, *tʲogə (singular), *tʲoˀəgə (plural, for Ketic, per Werner 2002)
  • *čok (per Starostin 1994-2005)[1]
  • *tʲōˑk (singular), *tʲōˑˀgʌ (plural, for Ketic, per Vajda-Werner 2022)
  • *baltok (for Proto-Yeniseian), *tɬopk (for Pre-Proto-Ketic), *čopk, *čōˑk (for Proto-Ketic, per Fortescue-Vajda 2022)

Etymology

Borrowed from Proto-Turkic *baltu (“axe”).[2]

According to all but Fortescue-Vajda (2022) and Vajda (2024), the Ketic terms below are the original term for 'axe', which was replaced by a Turkic loan in Kottic and Arinic, for which also compare Assan hɨtɨp[3] and Pumpokol pitschàt, pičát (“axe”).[4] The former's reasoning is the sound shift chain initiated by the metathesis and the foreign phonotactics of the Turkic word, as evidenced by the 18th century Imbak Ket recording, which is adopted here.

Noun

*baɬtok (plural unclear)

  1. (weaponry) axe, battle-axe

Descendants

  • Ketic:
    • ⇒ Pre-Proto-Ketic: *tɬopk (metathesized and monosyllabicized)
      • Late Proto-Ketic: *čopk
        • Imbak Ket: toːpk (M., W., Kl., VW.), tok (Ad., VW., Kl.)
          • Ket: төк (tōk), төг (tòɣ) (Southern dialects), төөгә (tóòɣə) (Central and Northern dialects)
        • Ostyak Yug: čok (M.)
          • Yug: чөк (čōk) (singular), чөөʼк (čòːˀk) (singular)
  • Kottic:
    • Assan: balto (M., W., Kl., VW.)
    • Kott: bálto (M., W., Kl., VW.), baltʰu (C.), baltu (H.)
  • Arinic:
    • Arin: baltó (M., W., Kl., VW.), baltok (H.)

See also

  • Proto-Yeniseian entry guidelines § Bibliography

References

  1. ^ https://starlingdb.org/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=%2fDATA%2fYENISEY%2fYENET&text_number=268&root=config
  2. ^ Khabtagaeva, Bayarma (2019), “Kott baltʰu [...]”, in Language Contact in Siberia: Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic Loanwords in Yeniseian (The languages of Asia series; 19)‎[1], Brill, →ISBN, page 120
  3. ^ Werner, Heinrich (2005), “hɨtɨp (Kl) [Das Assanische]”, in Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 136
  4. ^ Werner, Heinrich (2005), “pičàt (W, VW, Kl) [Das Pumpokolische]”, in Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 184

Further reading

  • Fortescue, Michael; Vajda, Edward (2022), “footnote 10”, in Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 274
  • Vajda, Edward; Werner, Heinrich (2022), “baltʰu”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, pages 105-106
  • Vajda, Edward; Werner, Heinrich (2022), “*tʲōˑk”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 952
  • Vajda, Edward (2024), The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎[3], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 376
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002), “baltʰu (kot. C))”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, volume 1, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 100
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002), “(1) toˑk”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, volume 2, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, pages 283, 284
  • Werner, Heinrich (2005), “axe”, in Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 283
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