Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/klęti

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Disputed:

Possibly reanalyzed from a nasal infix present *kl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ *kl̥-n-h₁-énti of Proto-Indo-European *kelh₁- (“to call, to evoke”).
Alternatively, has been compared with *kloniti (“to lean on”), presumably in reference to the curtsey that people used to give during oath. For similar semantic association, see synonym *prisęga, literally meaning “reaching out”.

Verb

*klęti^[1]^[2]

to swear, to give an oath
to curse, to execrate

Inflection

Conjugation of *klęti, *klьne, *klьnetь (?, -C-, _/ox-aorist, accent paradigm c)

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*klьnenьje	*klęti	*klętъ	*klьnlъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*klьnenъ	*klьnomъ
Active	*klьnъ	*klьny

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*klьn(ox)ъ	*klьne	*klьne	*klьnǫ	*klьneši	*klьnetь
Dual	*klьn(ox)ově	*klьn(e/os)ta	*klьn(e/os)te	*klьnevě	*klьneta	*klьnete
Plural	*klьn(ox)omъ	*klьn(e/os)te	klьnǫ, klьnošę	*klьnemъ	*klьnete	*klьnǫtь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*klьněaxъ	*klьněaše	*klьněaše	—	*klьni	*klьni
Dual	*klьněaxově	*klьněašeta	*klьněašete	*klьněvě	*klьněta	—
Plural	*klьněaxomъ	*klьněašete	*klьněaxǫ	*klьněmъ	*klьněte	—

Derived terms

nouns

*klętьnikъ
*klętva

adjectives

*klętъ

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Belarusian: клясці́ (kljascí)
- Russian: клясть (kljastʹ)
- Ukrainian: кля́сти́ (kljástý)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Old Cyrillic script: клѧти (klęti)
  
  Glagolitic script: ⰽⰾⱔⱅⰻ (klęti)
- Bulgarian: кълна́ (kǎlná)
- Macedonian: колне (kolne)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: кле̑ти
  
  Latin script: klȇti
- Slovene: kléti (tonal orthography)
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: kléti
  - Czech: klít
- Old Polish: kląć
  - Polish: kląć
  - Silesian: klōńć
- Old Slovak:
  - Pannonian Rusyn: кляц (kljac)
  - Slovak: kliať
- Polabian: klanĕ (3sg.)
- Pomeranian:
  - Kashubian: kląc
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: kleć
  - Lower Sorbian: klěś

References

^ Olander, Thomas (2001), “klęti: klьnǫ klьnetь”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c bande, sværge (SA 203; PR 139)”
^ Snoj, Marko (2016), “kleti”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *klęti̋, sed. *klь̏nǫ”

Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1983), “*klęti, *klьnǫ (sę)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 9 (*jьz – *klenьje), Moscow: Nauka, page 37
Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “кляну”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1986), “кълна”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 3 (крес¹ – мѝнго¹), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 191

[1] Olander, Thomas (2001), “klęti: klьnǫ klьnetь”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c bande, sværge (SA 203; PR 139)”

[2] Snoj, Marko (2016), “kleti”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *klęti̋, sed. *klь̏nǫ”

[1]

[2]