Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-jь
Proto-Slavic
Alternative forms
- *-ьjь (functionally)
Etymology 1
Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-jas, effectively continuing[1] Proto-Indo-European *-yós and partially the marginal elative[2] Caland suffix Proto-Indo-European *-yos ~ *-is. In some cases, e.g. Proto-Slavic *siňь, the jo-stem may have spread from the comparative *-jьš-. Over time, some yo-stem adjectives were fossilized into nouns and some kinetic i-stems were leveled out into jo-stems, giving rise to Slavic jo-stem nouns. Another source of jo-stem nouns is from Illič-Svityč's law , which transformed neutral ap B nouns (including jo-stems) into masculine. Cognate with Lithuanian -ỹs (under stress), -is (genitive -io), Lithuanian -ias/-jas (elsewhere), Latvian -̧s, -̧š.
Suffix 1
*-jь
- Adjectival inherited from the Caland roots, usually with exceptional or magnifying meaning:
- Adjectival of secondary origin, attached to o-grade roots:
Declension
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *-jь | *-ja | *-je |
| genitive | *-ja | *-ję̇ | *-ja |
| dative | *-ju | *-ji | *-ju |
| accusative | *-jь | *-jǫ | *-je |
| instrumental | *-jemь | *-jejǫ | *-jemь |
| locative | *-ji | *-ji | *-ji |
| vocative | *-ju | *-je | *-je |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-ja | *-ji | *-ji |
| genitive | *-ju | *-ju | *-ju |
| dative | *-jema | *-jama | *-jema |
| accusative | *-ja | *-ji | *-ji |
| instrumental | *-jema | *-jama | *-jema |
| locative | *-ju | *-ju | *-ju |
| vocative | *-ja | *-ji | *-ji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-ji | *-ję̇ | *-ja |
| genitive | *-jь | *-jь | *-jь |
| dative | *-jemъ | *-jamъ | *-jemъ |
| accusative | *-ję̇ | *-ję̇ | *-ja |
| instrumental | *-ji | *-jami | *-ji |
| locative | *-jixъ | *-jaxъ | *-jixъ |
| vocative | *-ji | *-ję̇ | *-ja |
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *-jьjь | *-jaja | *-jeje |
| genitive | *-jajego | *-ję̇ję̇ | *-jajego |
| dative | *-jujemu | *-jiji | *-jujemu |
| accusative | *-jьjь | *-jǫjǫ | *-jeje |
| instrumental | *-jijimь | *-jǫjǫ | *-jijimь |
| locative | *-jijemь | *-jiji | *-jijemь |
| vocative | *-jьjь | *-jaja | *-jeje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-jaja | *-jiji | *-jiji |
| genitive | *-juju | *-juju | *-juju |
| dative | *-jijima | *-jijima | *-jijima |
| accusative | *-jaja | *-jiji | *-jiji |
| instrumental | *-jijima | *-jijima | *-jijima |
| locative | *-juju | *-juju | *-juju |
| vocative | *-jaja | *-jiji | *-jiji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-jiji | *-ję̇ję̇ | *-jaja |
| genitive | *-jьjixъ | *-jьjixъ | *-jьjixъ |
| dative | *-jijimъ | *-jijimъ | *-jijimъ |
| accusative | *-ję̇ję̇ | *-ję̇ję̇ | *-jaja |
| instrumental | *-jijimi | *-jijimi | *-jijimi |
| locative | *-jijixъ | *-jijixъ | *-jijixъ |
| vocative | *-jiji | *-ję̇ję̇ | *-jaja |
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
Suffix 2
*-jь m
- Nominal inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic, e.g.:
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *-jь | *-ja | *-ji |
| genitive | *-ja | *-ju | *-jь |
| dative | *-ju | *-jema | *-jemъ |
| accusative | *-jь | *-ja | *-ję̇ |
| instrumental | *-jьmь, *-jemь* | *-jema | *-ji |
| locative | *-ji | *-ju | *-jixъ |
| vocative | *-ju | *-ja | *-ji |
* -ьmь in North Slavic, -emь in South Slavic.
Derived terms
Related terms
Etymology 2
From verbal stems inflecting (explicitly or implicitly) with Proto-Slavic *-jeti + *-ъ.
Cognate with Lithuanian -ỹs.[3]
Suffix
*-jь m
- Deverbal from root-emphatic verbs inflecting in original Proto-Slavic *-jeti, creates agent/instrument nouns:
- Deverbal from causative/iterative verbs inflecting in Proto-Slavic *-iti, creates agent/instrument nouns:
- Deverbal from stative/essive verbs inflecting in *-ěti/*-jati, yielding Proto-Slavic *-ějь.
- Deverbal from factive verbs inflecting in *-ati, yielding Proto-Slavic *-ajь.
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *-jь | *-ja | *-ji |
| genitive | *-ja | *-ju | *-jь |
| dative | *-ju | *-jema | *-jemъ |
| accusative | *-jь | *-ja | *-ję̇ |
| instrumental | *-jьmь, *-jemь* | *-jema | *-ji |
| locative | *-ji | *-ju | *-jixъ |
| vocative | *-ju | *-ja | *-ji |
* -ьmь in North Slavic, -emь in South Slavic.
Derived terms
Etymology 3
From Proto-Indo-European *-yós (“belonging to”).
Suffix
*-jь m
- Pronominal ending, attached to o-grade root, forming possessive pronouns:
See also
- *jь (“relative particle”)
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 62
- ^ The template Template:R:gem:PIEPG does not use the parameter(s):
head=PIE adjective-forming suffixes
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[2], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 64 - ^ Otrębski, Jan (1964), “Славяно-балтийское языковое единство. II. Морфологические явления”, in Вопросы языкознания, number 6, Москва: Издательство Академии наук СССР, page 28