Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/staēō
Proto-Italic
Etymology
From earlier *staējō, from Proto-Indo-European *sth₂-éh₁-ye-ti, from the root *steh₂- (“to stand”) + stative suffix *-éh₁yeti.[1]
Verb
*staēō first-singular present indicative[2]
- to stand
Inflection
Like all other second-conjugation verbs, no perfect can be reconstructed for this verb in Proto-Italic. Latin stetī originally belonged to *sistō.
| Inflection of *staēō (second conjugation stative) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Present | *staēō | |
| Perfect | — | |
| Aorist | — | |
| Past participle | — | |
| Present indicative | Active | Passive |
| 1st sing. | *staēō | *staēōr |
| 2nd sing. | *staēs | *staēzo |
| 3rd sing. | *staēt | *staētor |
| 1st plur. | *staēmos | *staēmor |
| 2nd plur. | *staētes | *staēm(e?)n(ai?) |
| 3rd plur. | *staēnt | *staēntor |
| Present subjunctive | Active | Passive |
| 1st sing. | *staēām | *staēār |
| 2nd sing. | *staēās | *staēāzo |
| 3rd sing. | *staēād | *staēātor |
| 1st plur. | *staēāmos | *staēāmor |
| 2nd plur. | *staēātes | *staēām(e?)n(ai?) |
| 3rd plur. | *staēānd | *staēāntor |
| Perfect indicative | Active | |
| 1st sing. | — | |
| 2nd sing. | — | |
| 3rd sing. | — | |
| 1st plur. | — | |
| 2nd plur. | — | |
| 3rd plur. | — | |
| Aorist indicative | Active | |
| 1st sing. | — | |
| 2nd sing. | — | |
| 3rd sing. | — | |
| 1st plur. | — | |
| 2nd plur. | — | |
| 3rd plur. | — | |
| Present imperative | Active | Passive |
| 2nd sing. | *staē | *staēzo |
| 2nd plur. | *staēte | — |
| Future imperative | Active | |
| 2nd + 3rd sing. | *staētōd | |
| Participles | Present | Past |
| *staēnts | — | |
| Verbal nouns | tu-derivative | s-derivative |
| *staētum | *staēzi | |
Derived terms
- *eɣstaēō
- *komstaēō
- *praistaēō
Related terms
- *sistō
- *staθlom
- *status
- *statuō
- *stanō
- *stā-k- (noun)
- ⇒ Umbrian: 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌊𐌀𐌆 (stakaz, “to establish”, 3rd.s.pf.pass.) (denominative verb, alternatively from *sta-k-)
- ⇒? Pre-Samnite: (σ)τα(κ)ιοσϙτοδ ((s)ta(k)iosqtod) (denominative verb, alternatively from *stā-k-jo)[3]
- *stā-mo-
- Umbrian: stahmei
- Umbrian: stahmito
- Umbrian: stahmei
Descendants
The sequence of vowels generally contracted in the various Italic languages. However, they contracted differently in different languages, and sometimes also in different forms. In Latin, all forms show the contraction *-aē- > *-ā-, but this apparently did not happen in Oscan and Umbrian where the vowels are clearly attested uncontracted. The first-person singular present indicative does show *-aēō > *-aō- in all languages, which is then followed by a further contraction *-aō > *-ō in Latin (similar to the verbs of the first conjugation).
- Latin: stō
- *sta-iē-
- Faliscan: 𐌔𐌕𐌀 (sta, 3rd singular present indicative)
- Oscan: 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌝𐌕 (staít, 3rd singular present indicative), 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌇𐌝𐌍𐌕 (stahínt), 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌇𐌉𐌍𐌕 (stahint), 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌝𐌄𐌕 (staíet, 3rd plural present indicative), 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌉𐌄𐌚𐌚𐌖𐌃 (staieffud, 3rd singular perfect); 𐌄𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌝𐌍𐌕 (eestínt, 3rd plural perfect)
- South Picene: 𐌀𐌃𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌄·𐌌𐌔 (adstae ms, 1st plural present), 𐌀𐌃𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌉𐌞𐌇 (adstaiúh, 3rd plural perfect); 𐌐𐌓𐌀𐌉𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌝𐌕 (praistaít, 3rd singular present), 𐌐𐌓𐌀𐌉𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌝𐌍𐌕 (praistaínt, 3rd plural present), 𐌐𐌓𐌀𐌉𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌉𐌞𐌇 (praistaiúh, 3rd plural perfect)
- Umbrian: stahu (1st singular present indicative), stahitu (3rd singular imperative), stahituto (3rd plural imperative), 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌇𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌍 (staheren) (3rd plural future indicative)
- *ati-staiet
- Venetic: 𐌀𐌕𐌉𐌔𐌕𐌄𐌉𐌕 (atisteit)
References
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “stō, stāre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 589-90
- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Matteo Calabrese (2021), “The sacred law from Tortora”, in Latomus[1] (in Pre-Samnite), volume 80, Société d’études latines de Bruxelles,