Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/kneiɣʷēō
Proto-Italic
Alternative reconstructions
- *knoiɣʷeō
Etymology
Uncertain. Perhaps from earlier *kneiɣʷējō, from Proto-Indo-European *kneygʷʰ-éh₁y-eti, from *kneygʷʰ- (“to bend, to droop”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *hnīwaną. De Vaan suggests that the Latin terms and their Germanic cognates may actually derive from a substrate language due to unusual root structure and the limited range of cognates.[1]
Verb
*kneiɣʷēō first-singular present indicative[2]
Inflection
| Inflection of *kneiɣʷēō (second conjugation stative) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Present | *kneiɣʷēō | |
| Perfect | — | |
| Aorist | — | |
| Past participle | — | |
| Present indicative | Active | Passive |
| 1st sing. | *kneiɣʷēō | *kneiɣʷēōr |
| 2nd sing. | *kneiɣʷēs | *kneiɣʷēzo |
| 3rd sing. | *kneiɣʷēt | *kneiɣʷētor |
| 1st plur. | *kneiɣʷēmos | *kneiɣʷēmor |
| 2nd plur. | *kneiɣʷētes | *kneiɣʷēm(e?)n(ai?) |
| 3rd plur. | *kneiɣʷēnt | *kneiɣʷēntor |
| Present subjunctive | Active | Passive |
| 1st sing. | *kneiɣʷēām | *kneiɣʷēār |
| 2nd sing. | *kneiɣʷēās | *kneiɣʷēāzo |
| 3rd sing. | *kneiɣʷēād | *kneiɣʷēātor |
| 1st plur. | *kneiɣʷēāmos | *kneiɣʷēāmor |
| 2nd plur. | *kneiɣʷēātes | *kneiɣʷēām(e?)n(ai?) |
| 3rd plur. | *kneiɣʷēānd | *kneiɣʷēāntor |
| Perfect indicative | Active | |
| 1st sing. | — | |
| 2nd sing. | — | |
| 3rd sing. | — | |
| 1st plur. | — | |
| 2nd plur. | — | |
| 3rd plur. | — | |
| Aorist indicative | Active | |
| 1st sing. | — | |
| 2nd sing. | — | |
| 3rd sing. | — | |
| 1st plur. | — | |
| 2nd plur. | — | |
| 3rd plur. | — | |
| Present imperative | Active | Passive |
| 2nd sing. | *kneiɣʷē | *kneiɣʷēzo |
| 2nd plur. | *kneiɣʷēte | — |
| Future imperative | Active | |
| 2nd + 3rd sing. | *kneiɣʷētōd | |
| Participles | Present | Past |
| *kneiɣʷēnts | — | |
| Verbal nouns | tu-derivative | s-derivative |
| *kniktum | *kneiɣʷēzi | |
Reconstruction notes
De Vaan suggests that the term may a Proto-Indo-European stative as he argues that the that the long vowel ī in -nīveō suggests a Proto-Italic diphthong *-ei-. However, Sihler and Rix both suggest that the term actually continues a Proto-Indo-European causative from *kneygʷʰ- + *-éyeti.[3][4]
Related terms
- *kom-nig-āō? (Poultney reconstructs the form *kon-nig-ā-tos)[5]
- >? Umbrian: conegos, 𐌊𐌖𐌍𐌉𐌊𐌀𐌆 (kunikaz, past part.)
Derived terms
References
- ^ Michiel de Vaan (1999), “The PIE root structure *Te(R)D h_1 )”, in Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics[1], volume 112, number 1, →ISSN, page 12
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 130
- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 163
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 366
- ^ Poultney, James Wilson (1959), The Bronze Tables of Iguvium[2], Baltimore: American Philological Association