Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/čaθwā́rah

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Proto-Iranian cardinal numbers
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    Cardinal : *čaθwā́rah

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *čatwā́ras, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwóres.

Numeral

*čaθwā́rah m pl (feminine plural *čátasrah, neuter plural *čaθwā́r)[1]

  1. four

Descendants

  • Central Iranian:
    • Avestan: 𐬗𐬀𐬚𐬡𐬀𐬭 (caθβar), 𐬗𐬀𐬚𐬡𐬁𐬭𐬋 (caθβārō, nom.pl.)
  • Northeastern Iranian:
    • Proto-Scythian: *čaθβāri
      • Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *caθβāri
        • Proto-Saka: *cahari
          • Old Khotanese: 𑀢𑁆𑀘𑀳𑁅𑀭 (tcahaura)
            • Late Khotanese: 𑀢𑁆𑀘𑀳𑁄𑀭 (tcahora), 𑀢𑁆𑀘𑁅𑀭 (tcaura)
          • Tumshuqese: 𑀢𑁆𑀲𑀳𑀭𑀺 (tsahari)
        • Wakhi: cəbыr
      • Proto-Sarmatian: *čəθβār
        • Alanic: *čuββar
          • Ossetian:
            Digor Ossetian: цуппар (cuppar)
            Iron Ossetian: цыппар (cyppar)
    • Sogdo-Bactrian:
      • Bactrian: σοφαρο (sofaro)
      • Khwarezmian: [script needed] (cfʾr)
      • Proto-Sogdic:
        • Sogdian: [script needed] (čatfār)
        • Yaghnobi: тафор (tafor)
  • Southeastern Iranian:
    • Ormuri-Parachi:
      • Ormuri: ښری (ṣ̌rī)
      • Parachi: čōr
    • Pashto: څلور (śalór)
    • Shughni: cavōr
  • Northwestern Iranian:
    • Baluchi: چار (cár)
    • Kurdish:
      Northern Kurdish: çar
      Central Kurdish: چوار (çwar), چار (çar)
    • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
      • Parthian:
        Manichaean script: 𐫝𐫜𐫀𐫡 (cfʾr /⁠čafār⁠/)
      • Zazaki: chehar
  • Southwestern Iranian:
    • Middle Persian: (/⁠čahār⁠/)
      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ALBA), [Book Pahlavi needed] (chʾl)
      Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭰𐭤𐭥 (chʿ)
      Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫝‌𐫍‌𐫀‌𐫡 (c‌h‌ʾ‌r), 𐫝‌𐫍‌𐫀‌𐫀‌𐫡 (c‌h‌ʾ‌ʾ‌r)

References

  1. ^ Cheung, Johnny (2011), Selected Pashto Problems II. Historical Phonology 1: On Vocalism and Etyma (Iran and the Caucasus)‎[1], volume 15, numbers 1-2, Brill Academic Publishers, page 177: “*čaθwā́ra-”
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