Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/welh₃-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wel-, Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/welH-, and Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/welh₁-

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*welh₃-^[1]^[2]^[3]

to hit, to strike

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *welh₃- (18 c, 0 e)

*wélh₃-ti ~ *wl̥h₃-énti (athematic root present)^[4]
- Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒉿𒀠𒄴𒍣 (walḫzi)
*wl̥-né-h₃-ti ~ *wl̥-n-h₃-énti (nasal-infix present)
- Proto-Italic: *welnō
  - Latin: vellō
- Tocharian:
  - Tocharian A: wälläṣtär
*wolh₃-o-s
- Proto-Germanic: *walaz (see there for further descendants)
(perhaps) *welh₃-wr̥-ti- (a derivative of heteroclitic *welh₃-wr̥/-wen-)^[5]
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: գեղարդն (gełardn)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *welias, *weliā
- Proto-Baltic:
  - Latvian: veļi
  - Lithuanian: vėlė (“corpse, ghost”)
  - Lithuanian: veliónis (“dead”)
- Proto-Slavic:
  - Czech: válka (“war”)
  - Polish: walka (“fight, combat”)
Proto-Celtic:
- *wlannos
  - Middle Irish: flann, fland
    - Irish: flann
    - Scottish Gaelic: flann
- *wolis (see there for further descendants)
- *welīsos
  - Proto-Brythonic: *gweli
    - Cornish: goly
    - Middle Breton: goulyow pl
      - Breton: gouli
    - Middle Welsh: gweli
      - Welsh: gweli
Proto-Germanic: *welwaną (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *wala- (“dead”)
- Old Norse: valr (“fallen in the battlefield”), Valhǫll (“Valhalla”), valkyrja (“Valkyrie”)
Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: οὐλή (oulḗ) < *ϝουλή (woulē)
Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: ἁλίσκομαι (halískomai)
Proto-Italic:
- Latin: vulnus
Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Iranian:
  - Persian: والانه (vâlâne, “wound”) ولانه (valâne, “wound”) (possibly)
Proto-Tocharian:
- Tocharian A: wäl (“to die”)
- Tocharian A: walu (“dead one”)

References

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 679
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 945–946
^ Kocharov, P. (2010), “The Etymology of Armenian gełardn ‘Spear’”, in Indojevropejskoje jazykoznanije i klassičeskaja filologija - XIV. Materialy čtenij, posvjaščennyx pamjati prof. I.M. Tronskovo‎^[2], volume II, Saint Petersburg: Nauka, pages 83–89

[1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 679

[2] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[3] Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[4] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 945–946

[5] Kocharov, P. (2010), “The Etymology of Armenian gełardn ‘Spear’”, in Indojevropejskoje jazykoznanije i klassičeskaja filologija - XIV. Materialy čtenij, posvjaščennyx pamjati prof. I.M. Tronskovo‎^[2], volume II, Saint Petersburg: Nauka, pages 83–89

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