Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pós

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

  • Etymology

    Thought to be related to Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi (“at the back, on”) in meaning and to Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó (“away”) in form. However, dialectal Greek evidence points to the absence of laryngeals, at least in late PIE.

    Dunkel gives the two meanings ("afterwards"[1] vs. "by, at"[2]) as unrelated. This seems unnecessary given the development of German nach in the sense of "after" from original "near".[3]

    Adverb

    *(H)pós

    1. afterwards, post-
    2. by, at

    Alternative reconstructions

    • *Hpós, *h₁pós, *h₂pós

    Derived terms

    • *pós-ti[4] (with the ablative marker *-ti encountered also in *h₂énti) or *pós-dʰi[1]
      • Proto-Italic: *posti
        • Latin: post, poste (archaic)
        • Oscan: post, púst, pustin
        • Umbrian: posti (“after, behind”), pusti
          • Apocopated forms: post, 𐌐𐌖𐌔 (pus)
        • South Picene: 𐌐𐌏𐌔𐌕𐌉𐌍 (postin)
      • Old Armenian: ըստ (əst, “on, according to, one after another”)
    • *pós-dʰh₁-oy ? (with the locative extension *-dʰh₁oy)
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pasdai
        • Proto-Slavic: *pozdě (“lately”)[5]
    • *po(s)-skʷ-éh₁[4] or *pós-kʷe[1]
      • >? Proto-Albanian:
        • Albanian: pas (or from *h₂epo *kʷid[6])
      • Pre-Proto-Indo-Iranian: *poščáH
        • →? Proto-Finno-Permic: *pošja (“~ back”)
          • Proto-Finnic: *pohja (see there for further descendants)
          • Proto-Samic: *poaššō (see there for further descendants)
        • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pasčáH
          • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pasčáH
            • Sanskrit: पश्चा (paścā́, “following”) (see there for further descendants)
          • Proto-Iranian: *pasčaH
            • Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬯𐬗𐬀 (pasca, “later”)
            • Ossetian: (“after”)
              Digor Ossetian: фӕсте (fæste)
              Iron Ossetian: фӕстӕ (fæstæ)
            • >? Old Persian: 𐎱𐎿𐎠 (p-s-a /⁠pasā⁠/)
              • Middle Persian: 𐭯𐭮 (ps /⁠pas⁠/)
                • Persian: پس (pas, “then”)

    Descendants

    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pás
    • >? Proto-Hellenic: *pós
      • Ancient Greek: πός (pós) (attested in Arcadian and Pisidian)[8] (or from Proto-Hellenic *poti, see *próti)

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Dunkel, George E. (2014), Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 75-78: “1.*pó-s 'hinten, nach; spät'”
    2. ^ Dunkel, George E. (2014), Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 628: “2.*pós 'zu – hin; bei'”
    3. ^ Friedrich Kluge (2011), “nach”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 25th edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 645: “Bedeutungsentwicklung 'nahe bei' zu 'unmittelbar danach'”
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “post”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 483-484
    5. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*pozdъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 415
    6. ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998), “pas”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 312
    7. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “pas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 344
    8. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “πός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1224
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