Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/néḱus
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *neḱ- (“to die, perish”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).[1]
Adjective
Inflection
Older proterokinetic pattern:
| Athematic, proterokinetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||
| nominative | *néḱus | *n̥ḱéwih₂ | |
| genitive | *n̥ḱéws | *n̥ḱuyéh₂s | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *néḱus | *néḱuh₁(e) | *néḱewes |
| vocative | *néḱu | *néḱuh₁(e) | *néḱewes |
| accusative | *néḱum | *néḱuh₁(e) | *néḱums |
| genitive | *n̥ḱéws | *? | *n̥ḱéwoHom |
| ablative | *n̥ḱéws | *? | *n̥ḱúmos, *n̥ḱúbʰos |
| dative | *n̥ḱéwey | *? | *n̥ḱúmos, *n̥ḱúbʰos |
| locative | *n̥ḱéw, *n̥ḱéwi | *? | *n̥ḱúsu |
| instrumental | *n̥ḱúh₁ | *? | *n̥ḱúmis, *n̥ḱúbʰis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *n̥ḱéwih₂ | *n̥ḱéwih₂h₁(e) | *n̥ḱéwih₂es |
| vocative | *n̥ḱéwih₂ | *n̥ḱéwih₂h₁(e) | *n̥ḱéwih₂es |
| accusative | *n̥ḱéwih₂m̥ | *n̥ḱéwih₂h₁(e) | *n̥ḱéwih₂m̥s |
| genitive | *n̥ḱuyéh₂s | *? | *n̥ḱuyéh₂oHom |
| ablative | *n̥ḱuyéh₂s | *? | *n̥ḱuyéh₂mos, *n̥ḱuyéh₂bʰos |
| dative | *n̥ḱuyéh₂ey | *? | *n̥ḱuyéh₂mos, *n̥ḱuyéh₂bʰos |
| locative | *n̥ḱuyéh₂, *n̥ḱuyéh₂i | *? | *n̥ḱuyéh₂su |
| instrumental | *n̥ḱuyéh₂h₁ | *? | *n̥ḱuyéh₂mis, *n̥ḱuyéh₂bʰis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *néḱu | *néḱwih₁ | *néḱuh₂ |
| vocative | *néḱu | *néḱwih₁ | *néḱuh₂ |
| accusative | *néḱu | *néḱwih₁ | *néḱuh₂ |
| genitive | *n̥ḱéws | *? | *n̥ḱéwoHom |
| ablative | *n̥ḱéws | *? | *n̥ḱúmos, *n̥ḱúbʰos |
| dative | *n̥ḱéwey | *? | *n̥ḱúmos, *n̥ḱúbʰos |
| locative | *n̥ḱéw, *n̥ḱéwi | *? | *n̥ḱúsu |
| instrumental | *n̥ḱúh₁ | *? | *n̥ḱúmis, *n̥ḱúbʰis |
Later hysterokinetic pattern:
| Athematic, hysterokinetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||
| nominative | *n̥ḱús | *n̥ḱéwih₂ | |
| genitive | *n̥ḱéws | *n̥ḱuyéh₂s | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *n̥ḱús | *n̥ḱúh₁(e) | *n̥ḱúes |
| vocative | *n̥ḱú | *n̥ḱúh₁(e) | *n̥ḱúes |
| accusative | *n̥ḱúm | *n̥ḱúh₁(e) | *n̥ḱúms |
| genitive | *n̥ḱéws | *? | *n̥ḱéwoHom |
| ablative | *n̥ḱéws | *? | *n̥ḱéwmos, *n̥ḱéwbʰos |
| dative | *n̥ḱéwey | *? | *n̥ḱéwmos, *n̥ḱéwbʰos |
| locative | *n̥ḱéw, *n̥ḱéwi | *? | *n̥ḱéwsu |
| instrumental | *n̥ḱéwh₁ | *? | *n̥ḱéwmis, *n̥ḱéwbʰis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *n̥ḱéwih₂ | *n̥ḱéwih₂h₁(e) | *n̥ḱéwih₂es |
| vocative | *n̥ḱéwih₂ | *n̥ḱéwih₂h₁(e) | *n̥ḱéwih₂es |
| accusative | *n̥ḱéwih₂m̥ | *n̥ḱéwih₂h₁(e) | *n̥ḱéwih₂m̥s |
| genitive | *n̥ḱuyéh₂s | *? | *n̥ḱuyéh₂oHom |
| ablative | *n̥ḱuyéh₂s | *? | *n̥ḱuyéh₂mos, *n̥ḱuyéh₂bʰos |
| dative | *n̥ḱuyéh₂ey | *? | *n̥ḱuyéh₂mos, *n̥ḱuyéh₂bʰos |
| locative | *n̥ḱuyéh₂, *n̥ḱuyéh₂i | *? | *n̥ḱuyéh₂su |
| instrumental | *n̥ḱuyéh₂h₁ | *? | *n̥ḱuyéh₂mis, *n̥ḱuyéh₂bʰis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *n̥ḱú | *n̥ḱúyh₁ | *n̥ḱúh₂ |
| vocative | *n̥ḱú | *n̥ḱúyh₁ | *n̥ḱúh₂ |
| accusative | *n̥ḱú | *n̥ḱúyh₁ | *n̥ḱúh₂ |
| genitive | *n̥ḱéws | *? | *n̥ḱéwoHom |
| ablative | *n̥ḱéws | *? | *n̥ḱéwmos, *n̥ḱéwbʰos |
| dative | *n̥ḱéwey | *? | *n̥ḱéwmos, *n̥ḱéwbʰos |
| locative | *n̥ḱéw, *n̥ḱéwi | *? | *n̥ḱéwsu |
| instrumental | *n̥ḱéwh₁ | *? | *n̥ḱéwmis, *n̥ḱéwbʰis |
Synonyms
- *mr̥tós
- *dʰgʷʰitós
Descendants
- Proto-Celtic: *ankus (“death”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *nékus
- Ancient Greek: νέκυς (nékus, “corpse”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náćuš
- Proto-Iranian: *nácuš
- Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬎 (nasu, “corpse”)
- Proto-Iranian: *nácuš
- Proto-Tocharian: *eṅkwe (“man”)[5]
- >? Proto-Germanic: *unguz, *inguz (“man”)
- ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *Inguz (see there for further descendants)
References
- ^ Pooth, Roland A. (2015), “Proto-Indo-European Nominal Morphology. Part 1. The Noun”, in Language Arts 1[1], page 17
- ^ Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018), “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2232
- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 322
- ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959), “nek̑-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 762
- ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “eṅkwe”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 82-83