Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃ókʷs

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”) +‎ *-s (root nominal suffix).

Noun

*h₃ókʷs m or f^[1]^[2]

eye

Inflection

Athematic, acrostatic
	singular
nominative	*h₃ókʷs
genitive	*h₃ékʷs
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₃ókʷs	—	—
vocative	*h₃ókʷ	—	—
accusative	*h₃ókʷm̥	—	—
genitive	*h₃ékʷs	—	—
ablative	*h₃ékʷs	—	—
dative	*h₃ékʷey	—	—
locative	h₃ékʷ, h₃ékʷi	—	—
instrumental	*h₃ékʷh₁	—	—

No plural form existed, only a dual form, ending in *-ih₁:

nominative, accusative, and vocative dual *h₃ókʷih₁

Descendants

Armenian:
- ⇒ Old Armenian: ակն (akn, “eye”)
- ⇒? Old Armenian: յաւն (yawn, “eyebrow”)
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ak-
- East Baltic:
  - Latgalian: acs
  - Latvian: acs
  - Lithuanian: aki̇̀s
  - Samogitian: akis
- West Baltic:
  - Old Prussian: ackis (nom. pl.)
- Proto-Slavic: *ȍko (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Proto-Germanic: *augô (with probable contamination from *auzô) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *ókʷs
- Ancient Greek: ὄψ (óps), ὤψ (ṓps, “eye, face”)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hákš, *Hákši (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hákṣ
  - ⇒ Sanskrit: अनक्ष् (anákṣ, “blind”)
Proto-Tocharian: *ëk
- Tocharian A: ak
- Tocharian B: ek

From dual *h₃ókʷih₁

Proto-Albanian: *asī
- Albanian: sy
Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: աչք (ačʻkʻ, “both eyes”)
Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: ὄσσε du (ósse, “eyes”)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáčiH
- ⇒ Proto-Nuristani: *ačī́na
  - Northern Nuristani:
    - Kamkata-viri:
      Kativiri: ačé
    - Prasuni: ižĩ́
  - Southern Nuristani:
    - Ashkun: aćĩ́
    - Tregami: ac̣ĩ́ (with irregular c̣ from Indo-Aryan)
    - Waigali: ačẽ
  - ⇒ Proto-Nuristani: *ačā́ni (remodeled after Sanskrit अक्षाणि (akṣāṇi))
    - Northern Nuristani:
      - Kamkata-viri:
        Kamviri: ačẽ́

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*augōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 41
^ Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 371

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*augōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 41

[2] Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 371

[1]

[2]