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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Indo-European
Root
*ḱwes-[1][2]
- to puff, sigh
Alternative reconstructions
Derived terms
- *ḱwés-ti ~ *ḱus-énti (athematic root present)[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwásti ~ *ćušánti
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śwásti ~ *śuṣánti
- Sanskrit: श्वसिति (śvasiti) (with -i- possibly from अनिति (aniti, “to breathe”)[2])
- ⇒ Sanskrit: श्वसति (śvásati) (thematised; first attested in Atharvaveda)
- Proto-Iranian: *cwásti ~ *cušánti
- >? Khwarezmian: [script needed] (sʾsyd, 3sg.ipf.), [script needed] (sʾsʾr, “to be out of breath, to pant”, 3pl.)
- Proto-Italic: *kwesō[4] (thematised)
- Proto-Tocharian: *kwäs-
- ⇒ Proto-Tocharian: *kwäsnā- (secondary nā-present[2])
- Tocharian B: kwäsnātär (“to bemoan”)
- *ḱwḗs-ti ~ *ḱwés-n̥ti (Narten-type athematic root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *hwēsaną (“to wheeze”) (see there for further descendants)
- *ḱus-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)[5]
- Proto-Germanic: *husjaną (“to hiss”)[5]
- Proto-West Germanic: *hussijan
- Old English: *hyssan
- Old Dutch: *hussen
- *ḱwos-éye-ti (eye-causative)[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwāsáyati
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śwāsáyati
- Sanskrit: श्वासयति (śvāsáyati)
- *ḱus-í-s ~ *ḱus-éy-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćušíH[6] (< dual *ḱus-íh₁(e)[5])
- Proto-Iranian: *cušíH du (“lungs”) (see there for further descendants)
- *ḱus-nó-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćušnás
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śuṣṇás
- Sanskrit: शुष्णस् (śuṣṇás, “name of a demon”)
- Proto-Iranian: *cušnáh[7]
- Pashto: سوڼ (suṇ, “panting, wheezing, snorting”)
- Shughni: са̄в̌н (sāwn, “a kind of dragon”)
- *ḱwos-ó-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwāsás
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *śwāsás
- Sanskrit: श्वास (śvāsa, “breath”) (see there for further descendants)
- Unsorted formations
- >? Proto-Armenian: *šu-[8]
- ⇒ Old Armenian: շունչ (šunčʻ, “breath; spirit; wind”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ Old Armenian: շշունջ (ššunǰ, “a whisper”)
- ⇒ Old Armenian: շշուկ (ššuk, “a whisper”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- >? Lithuanian: švañkšti (“to wheeze”)
References
- ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959), “k̑u̯es-, k̑us- ‚keuchen, schnaufen, seufzen‘”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 631-632
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*k̑u̯es- ‘schnaufen, schnauben, seufzen’”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 341: “Präsens *k̑u̯és-/k̑us-; Kausativ *k̑u̯os-éi̯e-”
- ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*ḱu̯eshx- ‘± breathe; sigh, groan’”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 518
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “queror, -ī ‘to complain, protest’”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 507
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hwēsan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 266: “E to hiss < *husjan-(?) < *ḱus-ie-(?).”
- ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2003), Beekes, R.S.P., Lubotsky, A., Weitenberg, J.J.S., editors, The Avestan Vowels (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 12), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 291
- ^ Morgenstierne, Georg (2003), “suṇ”, in Elfenbein, J., MacKenzie, D. N., Sims-Williams, Nicholas, editors, A New Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Weisbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN: “*sušna-”
- ^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “šunčʻ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 522