Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ndz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *-onts.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈndz/

Suffix

*-ndz m

-ing one, -er. Forms agent nouns from verbs. Identical in form and meaning to the present participle.

Inflection

Declension of *-ndz (consonant stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*-ndz	*-ndiz
vocative	*-nd	*-ndiz
accusative	*-ndų	*-ndunz
genitive	*-ndiz	*-ndǫ̂
dative	*-ndi	*-ndumaz
instrumental	*-ndē	*-ndumiz

Synonyms

Derived terms

Proto-Germanic terms suffixed with *-ndz

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fijandz

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/frijōndz

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þrōwōndz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *-andī (participle ending)
- Old English: -ende
  - Middle English: -ynge, -ing, -inge, -ingge, -yng, -yngge, -end, -ende, -inde, -ynde (especially Early Middle English), -and, -ande (especially Northern, North Midlands)
    - English: -ing, -in', -in (fossilised -and, -ant)
    - Middle Scots: -and, -an
      - Scots: -in, -an
- Old High German: -endi, -enti, -anti
  - Middle High German: -ende
    - German: -end
Proto-West Germanic: *-andi (agent noun)
- Old English: -end, -and
  - Middle English: -and, -end, -ant, -nd
    - English: -and
    - Scots: -an
- Old Saxon: -und, -and, -ond
  - Middle Low German: -end, -ant, -ent
    - German Low German: -end
- Old High German: -nt, -unt, -ant
  - Middle High German: -nt, -ant, -ent
    - German: -end
Proto-Norse:
- Old Norse: -andi
  - Icelandic: -andi
  - Faroese: -andi
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: -ande
  - Old Swedish: -andi, -ande
    - Swedish: -ande, -ende
  - Danish: -ende
    - Norwegian Bokmål: -ende
Gothic: -𐌽𐌳𐍃 (-nds)