Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/torjudak
Proto-Finnic
Etymology
Unclear. Perhaps a cognate with Proto-Samic *toarjōtēk, from earlier *torje-w-. Possibly further related to Erzya туремс (turems), Erzya тюремс (ťurems, “to fight”) (if not related to *torudak).
Verb
*torjudak (stem *torju-)[1]
- to fend off, to repulse, to drive away
Inflection
Inflection of *torjudak
| Note: The Proto-Finnic conjugation system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | ||||
| present | past | imperative | optative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | *torjun | *torjuin | — | *torjugon |
| 2nd sing. | *torjut | *torjuit | *torjuk | *torjugos |
| 3rd sing. | *torjubi *torju |
*torjui | *torjugasën | *torjugosën |
| 1st plur. | *torjukma | *torjuima | *torjugatëma | *torjugotëma |
| 2nd plur. | *torjukta | *torjuida | *torjugata | *torjugotta |
| 3rd plur. | *torjubat *torju |
*torjui | *torjugasën | *torjugosën |
| passive | *torjuksën *torjut'aksën |
*torjudisën *torjuttisën |
*torjudakahën *torjuttakahën |
*torjudakohën *torjuttakohën |
| connegative | *torjuk | — | *torjugak | *torjugok |
| passive connegative | *torjuktak | — | *torjudagak *torjuttagak |
*torjudagok *torjuttagok |
| conditional 1 | conditional 2 | potential | ||
| 1st sing. | *torjukcin | *torjuicin | *torjunën | |
| 2nd sing. | *torjukcit | *torjuicit | *torjunët | |
| 3rd sing. | *torjukci | *torjuici | *torjuni | |
| 1st plur. | *torjukcima | *torjuicima | *torjunëma | |
| 2nd plur. | *torjukcita | *torjuicita | *torjunëta | |
| 3rd plur. | *torjukci | *torjuici | *torjuni | |
| passive | *torjudakcihën *torjut'akcihën |
*torjudicihën *torjutticihën |
*torjudanëhën *torjuttanëhën | |
| connegative | *torjukcik | *torjuicik | *torjunëk | |
| passive connegative | *torjudakcik *torjut'akcik |
*torjudicik *torjutticik |
*torjudanëk *torjuttanëk | |
| non-finite forms | infinitives/nouns | participles | ||
| active | passive | |||
| infinitive 1 | *torjudak | present | *torjuba | *torjudapa *torjuttapa |
| infinitive 2 | *torjudë- | past | *torjunut | *torjudu *torjuttu |
| gerund/supine | *torjuma | negative | *torjumat'oin | |
| action noun | *torjuminen | |||
Descendants
References
Further reading
- “tõrjuma”, in [ETY] Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat [Estonian Etymological Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2012