Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/pakana

This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Finnic

Etymology

Borrowed from Early Old East Slavic поганъ (poganŭ), ultimately from Latin pāgānus.[1]

Noun

*pakana[2]

  1. heathen, pagan

Inflection

Inflection of *pakana
Note: The Proto-Finnic declension system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility.
singular plural
nominative *pakana *pakanat
accusative *pakanan *pakanat
genitive *pakanan *pakanadën
*pakanoidën
partitive *pakanata *pakanoita
inessive *pakanassa
*pakanahna 		*pakanoissa
*pakanoihna
elative *pakanasta *pakanoista
illative *pakanasën *pakanoisën
adessive *pakanalla *pakanoilla
ablative *pakanalta *pakanoilta
allative *pakanalën
*pakanalëk 		*pakanoilën
*pakanoilëk
essive *pakanana *pakanoina
translative *pakanaksi *pakanoiksi
instructive *pakanan *pakanoin
comitative *pakananëk *pakanoinëk
abessive *pakanatta *pakanoitta

Descendants

  • Estonian: pagan
  • Finnish: pakana
    • → Lule Sami: báhken
    • → Northern Sami: báhkin
    • → Inari Sami: päähin
  • Ingrian: pakana
  • Karelian:
  • Livonian: pagānõz
  • Livvi: pagan
  • Ludian: pagan
  • Veps: pagan
  • Võro: pakan'
  • Votic: paganõ

References

  1. ^ Junttila, Santeri, Kallio, Petri, Holopainen, Sampsa, Kuokkala, Juha, Pystynen, Juho, editors (2020–), “pakana”, in Suomen vanhimman sanaston etymologinen verkkosanakirja‎[1] (in Finnish), retrieved 23 September 2025
  2. ^ Kallio, Petri (2020–), “*pakana”, in Yhteissuomalainen sanasto [Common Finnic Vocabulary]‎[2] (in Finnish)

Further reading

  • “pagan”, in [ETY] Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat [Estonian Etymological Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2012
  • Itkonen, Erkki, Kulonen, Ulla-Maija, editors (1992–2000), “pakana”, in Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The Origin of Finnish Words]‎[3] (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources; this source is labeled "SSA 1992–2000"), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN
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