Reconstruction:Proto-Afroasiatic/ʔanāku

This Proto-Afroasiatic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Afroasiatic

Pronoun

*ˀanāku

  1. I (first-person singular personal pronoun)

Descendants

  • Proto-Berber: *ənăkkʷ
    • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵏⴽⴽ (nkk)
    • Kabyle: nekk
    • Tarifit: nešš, nəšš
    • Ghadames: năšš
    • Zenaga: niʔkk
  • >? Proto-Cushitic:
    • Proto-East Cushitic:
  • Egyptian: jnk (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Semitic: *ʔanāku (see there for further descendants)

See also

Václav Blažek's reconstruction [1]
Stage 1
independent object
singular plural singular plural
1st person inclusive *ʔaku *muni *ʔya/*ʔyi/*ʔyu *muni
exclusive *ḥina/u *na/*ni/*nu
2nd person m *ta *tunwa *ku *kunwa
f *ti *tunya *ki *kinya
3rd person m *šuwa *šunwa *šu *šunwa
f *šiya *šinya *ši *šinya
Notes
  • The gender distinction *šu-/*ši- may be secondary, having been influenced by the following gender marker *-wa/*-ya, which suggests the original vocalization was *ša-, without gender distinction.
  • The next development extended the 1st and 2nd person independent pronouns with the prefix *ʔan- (see stage 2), which was originally facultative.
Stage 2
independent object
singular plural singular plural
1st person inclusive *ʔan-ʔaku *ʔan-muni *ʔya/*ʔyi/*ʔyu *na/*ni/*nu
exclusive *ʔan-ḥina/u
2nd person m *ʔan-ta *ʔan-tumu/-tunV *ku *kumu/*kunV
f *ʔan-ti *ʔan-tin(n)a *ki *kin(n)a
3rd person m *šu(wa) *šumu/*šunV *šu(wa) *šumu/*šunV
f *ši(ya) *šin(n)a *ši(ya) *šin(n)a
Christopher Ehret's reconstruction [2]
singular plural
independent bound
1st person *(ʔ)ân-/*(ʔ)în- *i, *yi *(ʔ)ǎnn-/(ʔ)ǐnn-
2nd person m *(ʔ)ânt/(ʔ)înt- *ku, *ka *kuuna
f *ki
3rd person *si, *isi *su, *usu

References

  1. ^ Blažek, Václav (2019). "The Afroasiatic Personal Pronouns: A Textbook Example of a Suppletive Paradigm". In Kim, Ronald I. (ed.). Diachronic Perspectives of Suppletion. Baar-Verlag, pages 239–270. →ISBN
  2. ^ Ehret, Christopher (1995). "Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): vowels, tone, consonants, and vocabulary". University of California Press. →ISBN
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