-ई

See also: ई

Hindi

Pronunciation

(Delhi) IPA^(key): /iː/

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Apabhramsa -इउ (-iu)

Hindi -ई (-ī)

All forms are ultimately from Sanskrit -इक (-ika):

Direct singular inherited from Apabhramsa -इउ (-iu), from Prakrit -𑀇𑀕𑁄 (-igo), from Sanskrit -इकः (-ikaḥ)
Oblique singular inherited from Apabhramsa -इहे (-ihĕ/-ihi, genitive singular), from Prakrit -𑀇𑀕𑀲𑁆𑀲 (-igassa) or -𑀇𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀲 (-iassa), from Sanskrit -इकस्य (-ikasya)
Vocative singular inherited from Apabhramsa -इअ (-ia), from Prakrit -𑀇𑀕 (-iga), from Sanskrit -इक (-ika)
Direct plural inherited from Apabhramsa -इअ (-ia), from Prakrit -𑀇𑀕𑀸 (-igā), from Sanskrit -इकाः (-ikāḥ)

See -इयों (-iyõ) and -इयो (-iyo) for the etymologies of those endings specifically. ^[1]

Suffix

-ई • (-ī) m (Urdu spelling ـی)

suffix for some masculine nouns

Declension

Declension of -ई (masc ind ī-stem)
	singular	plural
direct	-ई -ī	-ई -ī
oblique	-ई -ī	-इयों -iyõ
vocative	-ई -ī	-इयो -iyo

Etymology 2

Etymology tree

Apabhramsa -इअ (-ia)

Hindi -ई (-ī)

All forms are ultimately from Sanskrit -इका (-ikā). Specifically,

Direct singular inherited from Apabhramsa -इअ (-ia), from Prakrit [Term?], from Sanskrit -इकाः (-ikāḥ, nominative singular)
Oblique singular inherited from Apabhramsa -इहे (-ihĕ/-ihi), from Prakrit [Term?], from Sanskrit -इकायाः (-ikāyāḥ, genitive singular)
Vocative singular inherited from Apabhramsa -इए (-iĕ), from Prakrit [Term?], from Sanskrit -इके (-ike, vocative singular)

See -इयाँ (-iyā̃), -इयों (-iyõ), and -इयो (-iyo) for the etymologies of those endings specifically. ^[2]

Suffix

-ई • (-ī) f (Urdu spelling ـی)

suffix for many feminine nouns

Declension

Declension of -ई (fem ind ī-stem)
	singular	plural
direct	-ई -ī	-इयाँ -iyā̃
oblique	-ई -ī	-इयों -iyõ
vocative	-ई -ī	-इयो -iyo

Etymology 3

Etymology tree

Prakrit -𑀇𑀅 (-ia)

Hindi -ई (-ī)

Inherited from Prakrit -𑀇𑀅 (-ia), from Sanskrit -इक (-ika) or Sanskrit -ईय (-īya). Later influenced by Classical Persian (-ī), from Middle Persian -yk' / 𐭩𐭪𐭩 (yky /⁠-īg⁠/, adjectival suffix), a cognate of Sanskrit -इक (-ika) through Proto-Indo-Iranian *-kas. Also influenced by Arabic ـِيّ (-iyy, nisba suffix), which in Classical Persian becomes (-ī).

Suffix

-ई • (-ī) (Urdu spelling ـی)

relating or belonging to, forms adjectives from nouns
‎पहाड़ (pahāṛ, “mountain”) + ‎-ई (-ī) → ‎पहाड़ी (pahāṛī, “mountainous”)

‎पंजाब (pañjāb, “Punjab”) + ‎-ई (-ī) → ‎पंजाबी (pañjābī, “Punjabi”)

Etymology 4

Etymology tree

Sanskrit -इन् (-in)bor.

Hindi -ई (-ī)

Borrowed from the nominative singular form of Sanskrit -इन् (-in, “doer, possessor”).

Suffix

-ई • (-ī) m (Urdu spelling ـی)

doer, possessor
‎सुख (sukh, “happiness”) + ‎-ई (-ī) → ‎सुखी (sukhī, “happy, possessing happiness”)

‎यात्रा (yātrā, “travel”) + ‎-ई (-ī) → ‎यात्री (yātrī, “traveller”)

Etymology 5

Etymology tree

Classical Persian (-ī)bor.

Hindi -ई (-ī)

Borrowed from Classical Persian (-ī), from Middle Persian 𐭩𐭧 (yḥ /⁠-īh⁠/) (forms nouns from adjectives).^[3] Doublet of -गी (-gī).

Suffix

-ई • (-ī) f (Urdu spelling ـی)

forms abstract nouns from adjectives or common nouns
‎दोस्त (dost, “friend”) + ‎-ई (-ī) → ‎दोस्ती (dostī, “friendship”)

‎बेवक़ूफ़ (bevaqūf, “foolish”) + ‎-ई (-ī) → ‎बेवक़ूफ़ी (bevaqūfī, “foolishness”)

Declension

Declension of -ई (fem ind ī-stem)
	singular	plural
direct	-ई -ī	-इयाँ -iyā̃
oblique	-ई -ī	-इयों -iyõ
vocative	-ई -ī	-इयो -iyo

Derived terms

Hindi terms suffixed with -ई

अहंकारी

References

^ Oberlies, Thomas (2005), A Historical Grammar of Hindi, Grazer Vergleichende Arbeiten, →ISBN, page 7
^ Oberlies, Thomas (2005), A Historical Grammar of Hindi, Grazer Vergleichende Arbeiten, →ISBN, page 9
^ https://www.jahanshiri.ir/fa/en/suffix-i

Konkani

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [iː]

Suffix

-ई • (-ī) (Latin script -i, Kannada script -ಈ)

suffix found in feminine nouns

References

Madhavi Sardesai (2006), A Comparative Linguistic and Cultural Study of Lexical Influences on Konkani‎^[1], Goa University (doctoral thesis)

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

-ᬈ (Balinese script)
-ဤ (Burmese script)
-ई (Devanagari script)
-ਈ (Gurmukhi script)
-𑌈 (Grantha script)
-ꦇ (Javanese script)
-𑂆 (Kaithi script)
-ឦ (Khmer script)
-ອີ (Lao script)
-ഈ (Malayalam script)
-ᡳᡳ (Manchu script)
-𑘃 (Modi script)
-ᠢᠢ (Mongolian script)
-𑦣 (Nandinagari script)
-𑐃 (Newa script)
-ଈ (Odia script)
-ꢅ (Saurashtra script)
-𑆆 (Sharada script)
-𑖃 (Siddham script)
-ඊ (Sinhalese script)
-𑩐𑩑𑩛 (Soyombo script)
-𑚃 (Takri script)
-ஈ (Tamil script)
-อี (Thai script)
-ཨཱི (Tibetan script)
-𑨀𑨁𑨊 (Zanabazar Square script)

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /iː/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /iː/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *-iH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *-iH, from Proto-Indo-European *-ih₂.

Suffix

-ई • (-ī) f

Feminizes nominal stems
‎देव (devá, “god”) + ‎-ई (-ī) → ‎देवी (devī́, “goddess”)

Declension

Feminine ī-stem declension of -ई
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	-ई (-ī)	-यौ (-yau) -ई¹ (-ī¹)	-यः (-yaḥ) -ईः¹ (-īḥ¹)
accusative	-ईम् (-īm)	-यौ (-yau) -ई¹ (-ī¹)	-ईः (-īḥ)
instrumental	-या (-yā)	-ईभ्याम् (-ībhyām)	-ईभिः (-ībhiḥ)
dative	-यै (-yai)	-ईभ्याम् (-ībhyām)	-ईभ्यः (-ībhyaḥ)
ablative	-याः (-yāḥ) -यै² (-yai²)	-ईभ्याम् (-ībhyām)	-ईभ्यः (-ībhyaḥ)
genitive	-याः (-yāḥ) -यै² (-yai²)	-योः (-yoḥ)	-ईनाम् (-īnām)
locative	-याम् (-yām)	-योः (-yoḥ)	-ईषु (-īṣu)
vocative	-इ (-i)	-यौ (-yau) -ई¹ (-ī¹)	-यः (-yaḥ) -ईः¹ (-īḥ¹)

¹Vedic
²Brāhmaṇas

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Suffix

-ई • (-ī́) m

nominative singular of -इन् (-ín)

[1] Oberlies, Thomas (2005), A Historical Grammar of Hindi, Grazer Vergleichende Arbeiten, →ISBN, page 7

[2] Oberlies, Thomas (2005), A Historical Grammar of Hindi, Grazer Vergleichende Arbeiten, →ISBN, page 9

[3] ttps://www.jahanshiri.ir/fa/en/suffix-i

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