過ぎる

Japanese

Kanji in this term
過
す
Grade: 5
kun'yomi

Etymology

From Old Japanese 過ぐ (sugu). First attested in the Kojiki of 712.[1]

Likely cognate with 挿げる (sugeru, “to pass a hole through something”), 直ぐ (sugu, “straight through”, adverb).

Reconstructed as deriving from Proto-Japonic *sunk-oi-.

Development

Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 上二段活用 (kami nidan katsuyō, “upper bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 上一段活用 (kami ichidan katsuyō, “upper monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -iru.

Pronunciation

  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 過ぎる
Plain 過ぎる すぎる [sùgíꜜrù]
Conjunctive 過ぎて すぎて [súꜜgìtè]
Perfective 過ぎた すぎた [súꜜgìtà]
Negative 過ぎない すぎない [sùgíꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 過ぎなかった すぎなかった [sùgíꜜnàkàttà]
Hypothetical conditional 過ぎれば すぎれば [sùgíꜜrèbà]
Past conditional 過ぎたら すぎたら [súꜜgìtàrà]
Imperative 過ぎろ
過ぎよ 		すぎろ
すぎよ 		[sùgíꜜrò]
[sùgíꜜyò]
Volitional 過ぎよう すぎよー [sùgíyóꜜò]
Desiderative 過ぎたい すぎたい [sùgítáꜜì]
Formal 過ぎます すぎます [sùgímáꜜsù]
Formal negative 過ぎません すぎません [sùgímáséꜜǹ]
Formal volitional 過ぎましょう すぎましょー [sùgímáshóꜜò]
Formal perfective 過ぎました すぎました [sùgímáꜜshìtà]
Continuative 過ぎ
過ぎに 		すぎ
すぎに 		[súꜜgì]
[súꜜgì nì]
Negative continuative 過ぎず
過ぎずに 		すぎず
すぎずに 		[sùgíꜜzù]
[sùgíꜜzù nì]
Passive 過ぎられる すぎられる [sùgíráréꜜrù]
Causative 過ぎさせる
過ぎさす 		すぎさせる
すぎさす 		[sùgísáséꜜrù]
[sùgísáꜜsù]
Potential 過ぎられる
過ぎれる 		すぎられる
すぎれる 		[sùgíráréꜜrù]
[sùgíréꜜrù]

Verb

過(す)ぎる • (sugiru) intransitive ichidan (stem 過(す)ぎ (sugi), past 過(す)ぎた (sugita))

Japanese verb pair
active 過ごす
mediopassive 過ぎる
  1. to pass by, to pass through; to go beyond
    あの子(こ)もおもちゃで遊(あそ)ぶ年(とし)は過(す)ぎるころだ。
    Ano ko mo omocha de asobu toshi wa sugiru koro da.
    He will soon be past playing with toys.
  2. to elapse; to exceed
    あれから半年(はんとし)が過(す)ぎた。
    Are kara hantoshi ga sugita.
    Half a year had passed since it had happened.
  3. to be excessive
    解釈違(かいしゃくちが)いが過(す)ぎる
    kaishaku chigai ga sugiru
    the difference in interpretation is too much
  4. (auxiliary, used with verbs and adjectives) too, too much
    その靴(くつ)は高(たか)すぎる。
    Sono kutsu wa takasugiru.
    These shoes are too expensive.
    大(おお)きすぎるからトランクに入(はい)らないぞ。
    Ōkisugiru kara toranku ni hairanai zo.
    Dude, it isn't going to fit into the trunk because it's too big.
    あまり酒(さけ)を飲(の)み過(す)ぎるのは、危険(きけん)だ。
    Amari sake o nomisugiru no wa, kiken da.
    It is dangerous to drink too much.
  5. (informal, used with nouns) Used for emphasis.
    誰(だれ)すぎる
    dare-sugiru
    literally who

Usage notes

  • When used as an auxiliary, it is usually written in kana: すぎる (sugiru).
  • Can also be attached to adjectives in some situations
  • When すぎる (sugiru) is attached to the end of other verbs and adjectives, it denotes the meaning of "too much".
  • (verbs) The verb is directly attached to the stem or the continuative form (連用形(れんようけい) (ren'yōkei)) of the verb:
    飲(の)みすぎる (nomisugiru); to drink too much
    食(た)べすぎる (tabesugiru); to eat too much
    寝(ね)すぎる (nesugiru); to sleep too much
  • (na-adjectives) The verb is simply attached to the adjectives:
    静(しず)かすぎる (shizukasugiru); too quiet
  • (i-adjectives) The last い (i) is removed before attaching the verb:
    大(おお)きすぎる (ōkisugiru); too big
    高(たか)すぎる (takasugiru); too expensive

Conjugation

Conjugation of "過ぎる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 過ぎ すぎ sugi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 過ぎ すぎ sugi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 過ぎる すぎる sugiru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 過ぎる すぎる sugiru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 過ぎれ すぎれ sugire
Meireikei ("imperative") 過ぎよ¹
過ぎろ² 		すぎよ¹
すぎろ² 		sugiyo¹
sugiro²
Key constructions
Passive 過ぎられる すぎられる sugirareru
Causative 過ぎさせる
過ぎさす 		すぎさせる
すぎさす 		sugisaseru
sugisasu
Potential 過ぎられる
過ぎれる³ 		すぎられる
すぎれる³ 		sugirareru
sugireru³
Volitional 過ぎよう すぎよう sugiyō
Negative 過ぎない
過ぎぬ
過ぎん 		すぎない
すぎぬ
すぎん 		suginai
suginu
sugin
Negative continuative 過ぎず すぎず sugizu
Formal 過ぎます すぎます sugimasu
Perfective 過ぎた すぎた sugita
Conjunctive 過ぎて すぎて sugite
Hypothetical conditional 過ぎれば すぎれば sugireba
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential

References

  1. ^ “過”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
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