誂える
Japanese
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 誂 |
| あつら Hyōgai |
| kun'yomi |
| Alternative spellings |
|---|
| 誂らえる (uncommon) 誂る (uncommon) |
Etymology
/aturafu/ → /at͡surafu/ → /at͡suraferu/ → /at͡suraeru/
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru. For the Old / Classical form, see the 誂ふ entry.
From Old Japanese. Attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720,[1] but only in logographic form, with the kana gloss applied some uncertain amount of time afterwards. Attested in phonetic spellings from at least the Ochikubo Monogatari of the late 900s.[1]
Further derivation uncertain. Considering verb-formation patterns, this appears to be a root verb atsuru + iterative / repetitive / resultative auxiliary verb suffix ふ (fu). However, the attested verb 暑る (atsuru, archaic, possibly obsolete) means "to be very hot; to suffer in the heat", with no clear semantic connection. Adjective 厚らか (atsuraka) likewise has no apparent semantic connection, meaning "thick and puffed up".
Speculatively, this might ultimately be derived from or otherwise related to verb 当つ (atsu), modern 当てる (ateru, transitive) and 当たる (ataru, intransitive), with senses including "to hit, to strike; to be or to put into contact with; to assign, to call upon someone to do something".
In historical sources, due to lenition of the medial /f/ sound and the resulting overlap in pronunciations, occasionally appears in the 1300s-1700s as conjugating as if the base verb form were atsurayu.[2]
Pronunciation
- (Tokyo) あつらえる [àtsúráéꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [4])[2][3][4]
- (Tokyo) あつらえる [àtsúráꜜèrù] (Nakadaka – [3])[2][4]
- IPA(key): [a̠t͡sɨɾa̠e̞ɾɯ̟]
- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「誂える」
| Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
誂える | あつらえる | [àtsúráéꜜrù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 誂えろ | あつらえろ | [àtsúráéꜜrò] |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 誂えられる | あつらえられる | [àtsúráéráréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 誂えさせる | あつらえさせる | [àtsúráésáséꜜrù] |
| Potential | 誂えられる | あつらえられる | [àtsúráéráréꜜrù] |
| Volitional | 誂えよう | あつらえよー | [àtsúráéyóꜜò] |
| Negative | 誂えない | あつらえない | [àtsúráéꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 誂えなかった | あつらえなかった | [àtsúráéꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 誂えます | あつらえます | [àtsúráémáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 誂えた | あつらえた | [àtsúráꜜètà] |
| Conjunctive | 誂えて | あつらえて | [àtsúráꜜètè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 誂えれば | あつらえれば | [àtsúráéꜜrèbà] |
Verb
誂える • (atsuraeru) transitive ichidan (stem 誂え (atsurae), past 誂えた (atsuraeta))
- [from 1200s] to place an order for something, to order something (such as to be made, carried out, delivered)
- [from 720] to request something of someone, to request that someone do something
Conjugation
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 誂え | あつらえ | atsurae | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 誂え | あつらえ | atsurae | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 誂える | あつらえる | atsuraeru | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 誂える | あつらえる | atsuraeru | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 誂えれ | あつらえれ | atsuraere | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 誂えよ¹ 誂えろ² |
あつらえよ¹ あつらえろ² |
atsuraeyo¹ atsuraero² | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | 誂えられる | あつらえられる | atsuraerareru | |
| Causative | 誂えさせる 誂えさす |
あつらえさせる あつらえさす |
atsuraesaseru atsuraesasu | |
| Potential | 誂えられる 誂えれる³ |
あつらえられる あつらえれる³ |
atsuraerareru atsuraereru³ | |
| Volitional | 誂えよう | あつらえよう | atsuraeyō | |
| Negative | 誂えない 誂えぬ 誂えん |
あつらえない あつらえぬ あつらえん |
atsuraenai atsuraenu atsuraen | |
| Negative continuative | 誂えず | あつらえず | atsuraezu | |
| Formal | 誂えます | あつらえます | atsuraemasu | |
| Perfective | 誂えた | あつらえた | atsuraeta | |
| Conjunctive | 誂えて | あつらえて | atsuraete | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 誂えれば | あつらえれば | atsuraereba | |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential | ||||
Derived terms
- 誂え品 (atsuraehin, “made-to-order good”)
- 誂え物 (atsuraemono, “made-to-order item”)
- 誂え向き (atsuraemuki, “suitable, fitting, ideal, as desired”)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 “誂える”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- “▲誂える”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][2] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025